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Inspired by the natural three−dimensional compartmentalized architecture of honeycombs, this study aimed to construct a hierarchical porous starch carrier with biomimetic protective functionality to simulate the "honeycomb−pupa" spatial model for the oral biomimetic delivery of probiotics. A synergistic enzyme−acid co−hydrolysis strategy was employed, with amylose content and acid hydrolysis time (0~96 h) as the key regulatory variables. Enzymatic pretreatment was used to induce pore formation and structural deconstruction of native starch granules, while controlled acid treatment further promoted deep erosion and fragmentation of starch. Multidimensional characterization, including SEM, DLS, ζ−potential, XRD, FTIR, and TGA, showed that enzymatic pore formation and structural disintegration of native starch granules enhanced the accessibility of acid molecules to starch chains, thereby accelerating chain cleavage and starch fragmentation, ultimately leading to the formation of composite starch particles with micro/nanoscale structures. Amylose content and acid hydrolysis time significantly affected the degradation efficiency of starch. SEM and CLSM observations demonstrated that, after loading with Lactobacillus plantarum, the waxy maize starch carrier treated by co−hydrolysis for 96 h self−assembled into a micro/nanoscale network with uniform pore size and continuous channels, in which the probiotics were firmly embedded within the three−dimensional compartments. The loading capacity reached approximately 109 CFU/g, which was about 1000−fold higher than that of conventional nano−starch carriers (~106 CFU/g). This novel starch−based carrier not only provides probiotics with a specialized microenvironment featuring both a physical barrier and high affinity, but also offers a new strategy for the microstructural design of naturally derived bio−based materials and the development of oral functional formulations for health applications.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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