With the aim to safeguard the authenticity and integrity of ecosystems, remarkable outcomes have been made for China's national parks. However, scholars pointed out issues and challenges existed, including inadequate spatial integrity, limited scope for development, and the inevitable conflict between human activities and environmental preservation. In this study, cases of national parks with distinct natural ecological characteristics and socio-economic backgrounds from different areas in the United States, Canada, and France were reviewed. Meanwhile, it investigated various models of ecological conservation employed by these countries' national parks, including wilderness preservation and ecological integrity conservation influenced by the concept of wilderness, as well as human-land symbiotic system protection guided by the theory of "ecological solidarity". The objectives, theoretical foundations, protection strategies, and techniques employed in different modes are summarized comprehensively. Based on the analysis of the background, distinctive features, and relevant experiences of national park ecological conservation models in various countries, in the study, it put forward a set of recommendations for priority actions in three key dimensions: theoretical exploration, practice of balancing protection and development, and construction of ecological protection governance system.

national park  /  ecological conservation  /  international experience  /  human-land relations