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The history and status quo of science and technology education policy in Pakistan
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Science & Technology Review | 2019, 37(9) : 87 - 93
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Science & Technology Review | 2019, 37(9): 87-93
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The history and status quo of science and technology education policy in Pakistan
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Amna Munawar, REN Dingcheng, CAO Zhihong
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    College of Humanities, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Published: 2019-05-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2019.09.012
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Pakistan government has issued nine educational policy documents, covering various aspects of the science and technology education. From 1947 to 1971, due to the domestic and international political and economic problems for a new country, the science and technology education policy could not be fully implemented. From 1972-1998, the development of the country improved but still due to political complex situations in Pakistan and abroad, the education policy was not implemented continuously and stably, and the progress of science and technology education was quite slow. Since 1998, the political environment improved and government emphasized on the education and growth of science and technology, so science and technology education gained attention in right direction and progressed rapidly. At present, Pakistan's science and technology education is still in the road to achieve exclusive and practical education. The shortage of proper investment and the lack of dedicated institutions are two major factors that hinder the execution of science and technology education plans and policies.
Pakistan  /  education in science and technology  /  policy of education
Amna Munawar, 任定成, 曹志红. 巴基斯坦科技教育政策的历史和现状. 科技导报, 2019 , 37 (9) : 87 -93 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2019.09.012
Amna Munawar, REN Dingcheng, CAO Zhihong. The history and status quo of science and technology education policy in Pakistan[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2019 , 37 (9) : 87 -93 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2019.09.012
Year 2019 volume 37 Issue 9
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2019.09.012
  • Receive Date:2019-02-25
  • Online Date:2019-06-06
  • Published:2019-05-13
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  • Received:2019-02-25
  • Revised:2019-03-13
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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