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A correct understanding and accurate assessment of the health risks associated with noise are essential for formulating effective noise policies and for learning to live within noisy environments. This review systematically summarizes the pathways through which noise affects human health, identifies noise−related health impacts among specific population groups and within particular spatial settings, and explores the potential of soundscape approaches to enhance occupant well−being. The findings show that noise can cause physiological effects such as hearing loss, tinnitus, cardiovascular diseases, and sleep disturbances, and can also lead to psychological and cognitive consequences including annoyance and cognitive impairments. Certain population groups exhibit heightened vulnerability to noise exposure. Children, older adults, and individuals with high noise sensitivity are key susceptible groups. Compared with other spatial contexts, urban public spaces and residential environments require particular attention due to their pronounced noise−related health risks. In addition, positive soundscapes can facilitate psychophysiological restoration, alleviate cognitive fatigue, and improve the well−being of socially disadvantaged groups. Soundscape interventions are increasingly becoming an important approach, beyond traditional noise control, for improving the acoustic quality of urban environments.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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