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Scientific opportunities and landscape of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in China—advancing precision high-energy neutrino astronomy with TRIDENT
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Donglian XU1, 2, Yipeng JING1, Xinliang TIAN2, 3, Hualin MEI1, 2, Xin XIANG1, 2, Zhongqin LIN4, Jiabiao LI5, Meng ZHOU6, 7
Science & Technology Review | 2026, 44(3) : 81 - 94
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Science & Technology Review | 2026, 44(3): 81-94
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Scientific opportunities and landscape of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in China—advancing precision high-energy neutrino astronomy with TRIDENT
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Donglian XU1, 2, Yipeng JING1, Xinliang TIAN2, 3, Hualin MEI1, 2, Xin XIANG1, 2, Zhongqin LIN4, Jiabiao LI5, Meng ZHOU6, 7
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
  • 2Hainan Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya 572024, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 4State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacture for Thin-walled Structures, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 5Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources; State Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 6MOE Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Polar Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Polar Science, School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 7Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 201209, China
Published: 2026-02-13 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00091
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High-energy neutrinos interact weakly with matter and are not deflected by magnetic fields during their propagation through the Universe, making them unique messengers for probing extreme astrophysical processes, unveiling the origin of high-energy cosmic rays, and advancing multi-messenger astronomy. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory has discovered astrophysical high-energy neutrinos and identified compelling evidence for neutrino emission from active galactic nuclei and the Galactic plane, marking the advent of neutrino astronomy. However, owing to limitations in detector volume, angular resolution, and neutrino flavor identification efficiency, the origins of high-energy neutrinos remain largely unresolved. As major developed nations are accelerating the construction of next-generation neutrino telescopes, Chinese scientists have proposed TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT), a next-generation neutrino telescope in the South China Sea with significantly enhanced performance. TRIDENT aims to rapidly identify astrophysical neutrino sources and precisely measure neutrino flavor ratios. This initiative seeks to probe origins of high energy cosmic rays and their acceleration mechanisms, and open a new window for probing fundamental physics over astronomical baselines. TRIDENT utilizes an innovative non-uniform detector geometry based on Penrose tiling and hybrid digital optical modules (hDOMs), achieving a large instrumented volume and significantly improving angular resolution, energy resolution, and neutrino flavor identification efficiency. TRIDENT expects to observe the IceCube steady source candidate NGC 1068 with 5σ significance within 1 year of operation, and enable the rapid discovery of multiple astrophysical neutrino sources. The TRIDENT team has successfully completed site selection in the South China Sea, developed core technologies, and established deep-sea deployment strategies, demonstrating readiness for large-scale construction. We recommend initiating the construction of neutrino telescope in South China Sea during China’s 15th Five-Year Plan period. This will allow China to seize a strategic opportunities for major breakthroughs in neutrino astronomy.

neutrino astronomy  /  deep-sea neutrino telescope  /  TRopIcal DEep-sea Neutrino Telescope (TRIDENT)  /  multi-messenger observations  /  origin of high-energy cosmic rays  /  astrophysical neutrino flavor ratio
Donglian XU, Yipeng JING, Xinliang TIAN, Hualin MEI, Xin XIANG, Zhongqin LIN, Jiabiao LI, Meng ZHOU. Scientific opportunities and landscape of deep-sea neutrino telescopes in China—advancing precision high-energy neutrino astronomy with TRIDENT[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2026 , 44 (3) : 81 -94 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00091
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Article Info
doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.12.00091
  • Receive Date：2025-11-17
  • Online Date：2026-02-13
  • Published：2026-02-13
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2025-11-17
  • Revised：2026-01-21
Affiliations
    1State Key Laboratory of Dark Matter Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 201210, China
    2Hainan Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Sanya 572024, China
    3State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
    4State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacture for Thin-walled Structures, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
    5Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources; State Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Hangzhou 310012, China
    6MOE Key Laboratory of Polar Ecosystem and Climate Change, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Polar Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Polar Science, School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
    7Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 201209, China
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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