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Hard tech refers to the core technologies in disruptive, cutting−edge fields, grounded in long−term fundamental research. It is built upon scientific discoveries and technological inventions, requiring sustained R&D investment and continuous accumulation. It features high technical barriers and well−defined application scenarios, is difficult to replicate or imitate, and plays a vital supporting role in economic and social development. Against the backdrop of technological competition increasingly becoming the core focus of major−power rivalry, hard tech has become a core driver of national industrial upgrading and high−quality economic development. Systematically analyzing the critical value, development dilemmas, and response strategies of hard tech holds significant practical significance.China's hard tech development faces a triple pressure of difficulties in early−stage financing, challenges in achieving technological innovation breakthroughs, and intensifying external technological blockades. In response to the aforementioned problems, the paper proposes policy recommendations in five key areas: (1) building fully functional generic technology platforms to foster a hard tech enterprise ecosystem; (2) cultivating patient capital, leveraging the role of government−guided funds to catalyze social capital towards "investing early, small, and hard"; (3) optimizing industrial layout to improve industrial and supply chains centered on hard tech; (4) strengthening precision policy support and improving the risk−sharing mechanism for hard tech innovation and transformation; (5) promoting the spirit of scientific craftsmanship and enhancing the cultivation of innovative talents.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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