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Iron is a crucial element for maintaining immune system function, and iron imbalance can lead to immune dysregulation. The liver, as the central organ for iron storage and regulation, maintains iron homeostasis by precisely sensing systemic iron levels and modulating hepcidin secretion. This review summarizes the impact of iron imbalance on liver immune function and its underlying mechanisms, with a focus on both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In innate immunity, iron deficiency suppresses macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype, impairs neutrophil differentiation, and enhances the cytotoxic activity of NK cells. In contrast, iron overload promotes M1 macrophage polarization, inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, while its effect on NK cells remains unclear.Regarding adaptive immunity, iron deficiency inhibits T cell activation and B cell antibody production, whereas iron overload induces mitochondrial dysfunction, promotes the differentiation of pathogenic T cells, and impairs regulatory T cell function. Current research still presents several gaps; for instance, the regulatory mechanisms of iron deficiency on M2 macrophage polarization and the effects of iron overload on NK cell function remain to be fully elucidated. Future studies should strengthen research on related signaling pathways and clinical translation, exploring immune intervention strategies targeting iron metabolism to provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases associated with iron metabolism disorders.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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