As a strategic scientific and technological biomedicine field in the 21st century, nanobiomaterials are profoundly reshaping disease diagnosis and treatment paradigms while driving transformative shifts in global scientific competition. The developmental status and strategic challenges of China's nanobiomaterials sector in terms of industry-university-institute are systematically examined. By comparing competitive dynamics across key dimensions, this study highlights China's leading-edge advantages in specific subfields such as biomedical coatings, upconversion imaging probes, and nanozymes, while identifying current structural contradictions such as the disconnection between basic research and application, barriers to interdisciplinary collaboration, and the imbalance between regulation and industry adaptation. Within the framework of the new nationwide system, by drawing on the technological leapfrog experiences of mature industries, we deduce the possible three-phase evolutionary trajectory of China's nanobiomaterials field. From process breakthroughs in the technical development phase to standard dominance in the industrial expansion phase, and ultimately to transformative paradigm innovation in the global leadership phase.This study suggests that China can establish a trinity framework of "technology−industry−governance" solutions based on nanobiomaterials in the bioeconomy era through a clinical demand−driven R&D model, a trillion−level industrial fund strategy, and international standard breakthroughs, thereby providing a practical blueprint for achieving high−level scientific and technological self−reliance.