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This paper generalizes the positive−and−negative response processes of alpine forest ecosystems to avalanches and their underlying mechanisms, as well as the impacts of climate change on avalanche activities and their ecological effects. The current researches have indicated that: 1) Snow avalanches have positive effects, such as increasing biodiversity and improving soil conditions, but they also have negative effects such as vegetation destruction and the decline of biodiversity. 2) Under climate change, shifts in avalanche types, frequency, and magnitude significantly compromise stability of forest ecosystem structure and function. Notably, the increasing prevalence of wet snow avalanches—characterized by higher mobility and erosivity—exacerbates soil erosion and impedes vegetation recovery. 3) Under global warming, thermal stress drives upward forest migration, while frequent avalanche disturbances force treeline depression. This two−pronged pressure greatly increase the risk of forest loss in avalanche−prone areas. Such ecosystem degradation will severely undermine regional carbon sequestration capacity, further amplifying localized warming and triggering a positive feedback loop of enhanced avalanche activity. Consequently, vegetation autonomously adapts to dynamic avalanche environments through altered survival and reproductive strategies. Meanwhile, it is imperative to advance research on the feedback mechanisms between avalanches and ecosystems. This can be achieved by implementing human interventions such as identifying genes of dominant species and afforestation in avalanche−prone areas to enhance the resilience of these ecosystems under climate change and mitigate avalanche risks.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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