Renewable energy−driven biological conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) represents an emerging carbon−neutral technology integrating clean energy with biotechnology. By harnessing energy from renewable sources such as solar power and green electricity, this approach drives microbial or enzyme−catalyzed systems to convert CO₂ into high−value chemicals, fuels, materials etc., which demonstrates significant potential. This paper reviews CO₂ bioconversion pathways driven by clean energy sources including solar energy, green electricity (photovoltaic, wind, etc.), and geothermal/biomass energy. It summarizes progress and key case studies on achieving CO₂ bioconversion through various critical technological approaches: nature−artificial hybrid systems, photoelectrochemical microbial coupling, microbial electrochemistry, and enzyme−electrocatalysis. Research indicates that despite continuous breakthroughs in enhancing carbon fixation efficiency and expanding product diversity, core challenges persist, including low energy transfer efficiency, limitations of natural carbon fixation pathways, complex metabolic network regulation, and low product yields. Consequently, this paper recommends that future research focus on designing efficient bio−abiotic interfaces, developing dynamic metabolic regulation strategies, and innovating low−energy, high−economic−value integrated technological processes. The review demonstrates that optimizing carbon fixation pathways and carbon flow direction to establish a sustainable "renewable energy−carbon conversion−high−value products" industrial chain enables the transformation of CO₂ into high−value chemicals. This approach synergistically advances carbon reduction, pollution mitigation, green growth, and carbon neutrality development.