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Observation, understanding, and prediction of the solar cycle
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Binghang LI1, 2, Yukun LUO1, 2, Jie JIANG1, 2, *, Jingxiu WANG3
Science & Technology Review | 2025, 43(16) : 25 - 34
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Science & Technology Review | 2025, 43(16): 25-34
• Special to S & T Review •
Observation, understanding, and prediction of the solar cycle
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Binghang LI1, 2, Yukun LUO1, 2, Jie JIANG1, 2, *, Jingxiu WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Space and Earth Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Space Environment Monitoring and Information Processing of MIIT, Beijing 102206, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Solar Activity, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
Published: 2025-08-28 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00130
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This article summarizes the observational characteristics of the solar magnetic activity cycle, as represented by sunspots, and explains that the interaction between the plasma flow and magnetic field inside the Sun is the fundamental cause of the periodic variation in solar magnetism. It outlines the physical basis of the solar magnetic activity cycle-namely, the magnetohydrodynamic dynamo process in which the poloidal and toroidal magnetic fields regenerate each other under the influence of plasma flows. The paper reviews recent progress in the Babcock–Leighton−type kinematic dynamo models and surface flux transport models based on observations, including advances in understanding the mechanism behind the equatorward migration of toroidal fields and the significant roles of stochasticity and nonlinearity in the evolution of the surface magnetic field. The importance of physics−based prediction of the solar activity cycle is highlighted in comparison with other forecasting approaches. The article also emphasizes the contributions and leading role of Chinese researchers in the field of solar cycle studies and points out key unresolved issues, such as the need for improved observations of the solar polar regions.

solar cycle  /  solar magnetic field  /  solar dynamo  /  prediction  /  sunspot
Binghang LI, Yukun LUO, Jie JIANG, Jingxiu WANG. Observation, understanding, and prediction of the solar cycle[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2025 , 43 (16) : 25 -34 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00130
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Year 2025 volume 43 Issue 16
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Article Info
doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2025.04.00130
  • Receive Date：2025-04-27
  • Online Date：2025-12-18
  • Published：2025-08-28
Article Data
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History
  • Received：2025-04-27
  • Revised：2025-05-29
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Affiliations
    1. School of Space and Earth Sciences, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
    2. Key Laboratory of Space Environment Monitoring and Information Processing of MIIT, Beijing 102206, China
    3. Key Laboratory of Solar Activity, National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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