Aerogels, characterized by their ultralow density and high porosity, exhibit exceptional physical and chemical properties, and have demonstrated broad application potential in thermal protection, catalysis, energy storage, sensing, and composite materials. Owing to these advantages, aerogels were once selected by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry as one of the "Top Ten Emerging Technologies in Chemistry". Conventional aerogels are predominantly fabricated via ice−templating and sol–gel routes. However, with the growing demand for large−scale and engineering−oriented applications, the low fabrication efficiency and high energy consumption have become critical bottlenecks. In recent years, two−dimensional confined chemistry foaming has emerged as a promising strategy for the rapid and controllable fabrication of aerogel materials. The intrinsically resulting dome−celled microstructures not only enable efficient processing but also significantly enhance mechanical performance, thereby opening new avenues for expanding the structural and functional design space of traditional aerogels. This paper systematically reviews recent progress in 2D confined foaming of dome−celled aerogels, with a particular focus on fabrication strategies, underlying formation mechanisms, multiscale structural mechanics, and multifunctional applications. Furthermore, the critical challenges facing this class of aerogels in structure−property regulation and industrial production are analyzed, and their application prospects in acoustic regulation, intelligent sensing, and extreme thermal protection are highlighted. This review aims to provide a fundamental theoretical basis for improving aerogel performance and promoting their engineering deployment, thereby accelerating their utilization in extreme environments such as aerospace and specialized industrial applications.