Against the backdrop of rapidly growing global data volumes and the escalating demand for high−performance computing, storage technologies have continuously evolved as a critical component of information infrastructure. This study systematically reviews the development trajectories and key breakthroughs of mature storage technologies, including magnetic storage, semiconductor storage, and optical storage, and provides an in−depth analysis of the potential, development paths, and challenges associated with emerging storage technologies such as phase−change memory, resistive RAM, ferroelectric RAM, magnetic RAM, and DNA storage. The study further summarizes the current challenges faced by China's storage industry, including high investment risks, intense market competition, dependence on externally supplied critical materials and equipment, and the "performance–cost–ecosystem" constraints that limit the advancement of new storage technologies. Finally, it proposes development strategies such as enhancing strategic focus, cultivating localized supply chains for materials and equipment, and strengthening core technology research, aiming to provide decision−making references for promoting technological innovation and strategic planning in China's storage industry.