This study observed the effects of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with hydromorphone combined with butorphanol on postoperative pain neurotransmitters, inflammatory factors, and oxidative stress levels, aiming to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and application value of comprehensive analgesic methods. Postoperative orthopedic patients were randomly divided into a study group (with a combination of hydromorphone and butorphanol) and a control group (with butorphanol alone for pain relief). Serum substance P (SP), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and beta endorphin (β-EP) were used as pain neurotransmitter markers, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were used as inflammatory cytokine markers, cortisol (Cor) and norepinephrine (NE) were used as oxidative stress markers, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) was used to measure clinical analgesic efficacy. The results showed that the combined group had a lower post-operative VAS, which further reduced the serum SP, PGE2, NE, Cor levels, increased the β-endorphin levels, and reduced the incidence of adverse reactions. The combination of butorphanol and low-dose hydromorphone can further reduce the levels of pain transmitters, alleviate oxidative stress reactions, increase pain thresholds, reduce patient pain levels, and improve anesthesia safety.

postoperative analgesia  /  comprehensive analgesic methods  /  low dose  /  pain neurotransmitters  /  inflammatory factors  /  oxidative stress response  /  anesthesia safety