Searching for extraterrestrial life and achieving long−term extraterrestrial survival are fundamental philosophical question and technical challenges to be addressed by humankind. Life on Earth, especially in extreme environments, provides a unique analog for the study of extraterrestrial life. There are many natural extreme environments on Earth that resemble conditions on exoplanets. By studying life in similar environments, we can uncover the mechanisms of adaptation and survival strategies, deepen our understanding of the essence and boundaries of life, expand the category of habitable planets, and enrich our knowledge of human adaptation and survival limits. Focusing on the life survival strategies in the extreme extraterrestrial analogue environments such as extraterrestrial ocean analogues, Mars analogues, thoughts on core scientific questions, scientific goals and important research directions are presented. It is suggested that through the interdisciplinary intersection of life science, earth science, marine science and astrobiology, investigate the diversity of microorganisms in extraterrestrial extreme environments and the multi−level environmental adaptation mechanisms at the molecular, metabolic, cellular, and community levels; explore the metabolic patterns and survival strategies of the organism in extreme environments; develop a number of key generic technologies and platforms and promote the change of research paradigm in related fields based on big data and artificial intelligence. The study of survival strategies in extreme environment benefit to support national human spaceflight and deep space exploration missions, and provide fundamental and forward−looking scientific and technological reserves for the detection of extraterrestrial life and long−term extraterrestrial survival.