Since the founding of new China 70 years ago, the number of scientific and technological professionals in China has increased from 260,000 in 1949 to 52.82 million in 2016, and China has stepped into the ranks of the world's largest scientific and technological countries from a poor and weak country. On the basis of summing up the previous research results of scientists and technicians, this paper makes an analysis of the number and the structure of scientists and technicians in each historical stage by using the method of calculation combined with textual research, and the influence of the social development policy background in each historical period to explore the science and technology in China since the founding of the People's Republic of China. The development of scientific and technological professionals also shows a close integration of science and technology, education and social development.

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