Coal gangue-based water-retaining agent (CG-WRG) was prepared using coal gangue-based humic acid (CG-HA), sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Na), sodium alginate (SA), and acrylic acid (AA) as raw materials, potassium persulfate (KPS) as initiator, and N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as crosslinking agent, and then characterized by FTIR and SEM. The influence of KPS dosage, MBA dosage, neutralization degree of AA and m(AA)∶m(SA)∶m(CMC-Na)∶m(CG-HA) on the water absorbency and water retention of CG-WRG was evaluated through single-factor experiments, followed by exploration on the environmental adaptability of CG-WRG under different environmental conditions (temperature, pH, type and mass concentration of metal cations). The water and fertilizer retention effects were further studied through leaching experiments and water-fertilizer evaporation experiments in saline-alkali soil. The results showed that under the optimal CG-WRG preparation conditions of KPS dosage 0.25 g, MBA dosage 0.06 g, 65% neutralization AA 9.00 g, and m(AA)∶m(SA)∶m(CMC-Na) ∶m(CG-HA)=9∶1∶1∶1, the water absorbency of CG-WRG reached 370.1 g/g, and the water retention was 94.1 g/g. CG-WRG exhibited good water retention effects at temperatures ranging from 5 to 60 ℃, with a higher water absorbency (228.6 g/g) in the alkaline environment pH=11 than in the acidic environment pH=3 (154.4 g/g). The water retention of saline-alkali soil with 2% CG-WRG (based on the mass of saline-alkali soil）was 55%. After being buried in soil for 16 and 20 d, the degradation of CG-WRG was 10.3% and 15.8%, respectively. When the CG-WRG dosage was increased from 0.05% to 0.20%, the cumulative loss of potassium decreased by 37.1%~58.8%, and the loss of nitrogen decreased by 15.7%~30.4%. When the CG-WRG dosage reached 0.20%, the soil water content increased by 4.67% compared with the control group. When the CG-WRG dosage was 0.05%, the contents of and in the soil reached the maximum (7.935 and 1.529 mg). The seedling germination with CG-WRG addition was 90%, and the average root length was 2.7 cm, higher than that with no CG-WRG, which was 50% and 1.0 cm, respectively. In addition, the germination index of the CG-WRG addition group was 486%.

A nitrogen-doped carbon-coated lithium iron manganese phosphate (LMFP) composite (N-C@LMFP) was synthesized from ball-milling glucose, as carbon source, and urea, as nitrogen source, with LMFP precursor, and characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and TEM. The effect of nitrogen doping content (that is, the percentage of the amount of substance of nitrogen in urea accounting for that of carbon in glucose, the same below) on the electrochemical performance of N-C@LMFP electrode was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, while the mechanism through which the nitrogen-doped carbon layer enhanced the rate capability of LMFP cathode material was also investigated. The results indicated that the 5% N-C@LMFP electrode with 5% nitrogen doping content exhibited the best electrochemical performance, achieving a discharge specific capacity of 133.6 mA·h/g. Even under a high discharge rate of 5 C, the specific capacity remained at 98.7 mA·h/g, significantly outperforming that of the undoped C@LMFP. Furthermore, after 300 cycles at 1 C, the 5% N-C@LMFP electrode exhibited a capacity retention rate of 95.3%, surpassing that of C@LMFP (93.9%), demonstrating enhanced cycling stability. The improved performance was attributed to the strong interaction between the nitrogen-doped carbon layer and the LMFP matrix. Specifically, chemical bonds such as N—Mn and N—Fe formed at the interface effectively reduced the charge transfer resistance and enhanced the lithium ion diffusion coefficient, thereby improving both structural stability and ion transport kinetics.

Extensive accumulation of waste tires, which is hard to decompose naturally, have led to serious resource waste and environmental pollution. Carbon element, primarily contained in waste tire, making them an ideal precursor for the synthesis of carbon dots. N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) were synthesized by acid-free one-step hydrothermal synthesis method using waste tires powder pyrolysic carbon black (CBp) as carbon source and ammonium persulfate (APS)-triethanolamine (TEA) oxidation-reduction system as oxidant and N element as doping agent, respectively. The synthesis conditions of N-CDs were optimized by orthogonal experiments, while the composition, structure and fluorescence properties of N-CDs were characterized by FTIR, XPS, TEM and steady-state fluorescence spectrometer. A fluorescent ink for anti-counterfeiting was further prepared from N-CDs and evaluated for its performance. The results showed that N-CDs exhibited a basic spherical structure with a particle size of 3~6 nm. Under excitation at 325 nm, N-CDs displayed a maximum fluorescence emission intensity at 410 nm, indicating its wavelength-dependent fluorescence emission property. The photoluminescence quantum yield of N-CDs was 5.14%, which was 12.5 times higher than that of carbon dots (CDs) synthesized by chemical oxidation method using nitric acid as oxidant. The anti-counterfeiting fluorescent ink emitted blue-green fluorescence under a 365 nm UV light, and luminescence phenomenon still remained stable and obvious after 7-day storage.

A lotus seed protein peptide (LSP)/tea saponin (TS) coated diosmetin (Dios) nanoemulsion (Dios-NE) based on a natural emulsifier system formulated with LSP and TS was prepared by dispersing and encapsulating the lipophilic active ingredient Dios in rapeseed oil, and characterized by FTIR, SEM, nanoparticle size analyzer and polarizing microscopy. The effects of m(LSP)∶m(TS), volume ratio of dispersed phase to deionized water (oil-to-water ratio) and homogenization pressure on the particle size of Dios-NE were investigated through response surface experiment. The in vitro antioxidant activity of Dios-NE was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt (ABTS) cation radical scavenging assays, while the gradient sustained-release performance and bioaccessibility of Dios-NE were assessed through simulated digestion experiments. The results indicated that, under the optimal preparation conditions of mass ratio of m(LSP)∶m(TS)=3∶20, oil-to-water ratio 5∶95, homogenization pressure 172.375 MPa, Dios-NE showed a particle size of (138.8±0.2) nm, with Dios stably embedded within the emulsion core by hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Dios-NE maintained stable particle size and Zeta potential across a wide range of conditions, including pH (2~11), NaCl concentration (0~50 mmol/L), and temperature (30~90 ℃). The controlled-release properties of Dios-NE and the synergistic antioxidant effects of LSP/TS significantly enhanced the scavenging abilities for DPPH radical and ABTS⁺ radical, reaching 99% at a mass concentration of 24 mg/L. Dios-NE could delay the degradation of Dios in gastric fluid (retention rate 87%) and achieve targeted release in intestinal fluid through micellization, with a bioaccessibility of 57%.

A phosphorus-amine ionic liquid, 1-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-3-propyl-imidazolium phosphate (IL) was prepared by quaternization reaction and ion exchange method using acrylamide, imidazole, 1-bromopropane, and sodium hypophosphite as raw materials, characterized via FTIR, ¹HNMR and HRMS, and then used as curing agent to obtain epoxy resin (EP) composites. The effect of IL mass fraction on the properties of EP composites was analyzed through SEM characterization, tensile strength, impact strength tests, limiting oxygen index, horizontal/vertical burning, thermal analysis and conical calorimetry experiments. The results showed that the addition of IL improved the mechanical properties of EP composites. When the mass fraction of IL was 6.4%, the impact strength of the prepared EP composites (EP-2) increased by 46.16% compared with that of pure EP (EP-0). Meanwhile, the addition of IL broadened the decomposition temperature range of EP composites, increased the residual carbon content, and significantly reduced the maximum heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR). When the mass fraction of IL was 8.4%, the PHRR of the prepared EP composites (EP-3) was 664.95 kW/m², a decrease of 27.86% compared with that of EP-0 (921.72 kW/m²), while THR decreased from 119.27 kJ/m² of EP-0 to 86.39 kJ/m², a decrease of 27.57%. The ultimate oxygen index reached 30.6%, and the horizontal/vertical combustion level reached V-0 level.