Objective To explore the application effect of multi-component exercise combined with nutritional intervention based on interactive achievement theory in elderly diabetes patients complicated with sarcopenia. Methods A total of 124 elderly diabetes patients complicated with sarcopenia treated in a tertiary grade A hospital in Shanxi province from August to December,2023 were selected as the study subjects.They were randomly divided into test group and control group by random number table method.62 cases each.The control group received routine nursing measures.The test group received the multi⁃component exercise combined with nutrition intervention constructed by the research group.Calf circumference,grip strength,physical function,muscle mass,and quality of life between two groups were compared before intervention and at 3 and 6 months after intervention. Results After intervention,the test group had better grip strength,calf circumference,physical function,muscle mass,and quality of life than the control group(P<0.05). Conclusions The multi-component exercise combined nutrition intervention based on interactive achievement theory was scientific and reliable.The application of this program could effectively improve the related indicators of sarcopenia in elderly diabetes patients complicated with sarcopenia,improve the quality of life of patients,and provide useful reference for clinical nursing practice.