Ceramic lattice structures have wide application perspectives in the fields of mechanics, electromagnetism, acoustics, thermology. Some approaches fabricating ceramic lattice structures are developed based on the existing additive manufacturing technologies. The unnatural properties of lattice structures can be tailored by designing the structure and arrangement of the cell among the structure. This review represented the additive manufacturing technologies for ceramic lattice structures. Recent development on mechanic-based and function-based ceramic lattice structures was summarized. Some future aspects and challenges for the additive manufactured ceramic lattice structures were also outlooked. This review could provide a guidance for the development of ceramic lattice structures via additive manufacturing.

Porous ceramics are widely applied in catalysts supports, liquid/gas filters, biological scaffolds, thermal isolation and lightweight structural materials due to their low bulk density, high specific surface area, low thermal conductivity, excellent high-temperature resistance as well as corrosion resistance. Hierarchically porous ceramics integrating superiorities of various pore structures have multifunctionalities benefited from pores at different length scales and become the development mainstream of porous ceramics. However, there are still some challenges in the fabrication of hierarchically porous ceramics. Unlike conventional methods that require specific molds and fabricate products with a low forming accuracy, adding raw materials layer by layer with the assistance of additive manufacturing technique can fabricate high-precision products with various complex shapes. The forms of materials before printing include powder, bulk solid, wire and slurry. Compared to powder-based, bulk-based and wire-based additive manufacturing techniques, slurry-based additive manufacturing technique has some advantages of both additive manufacturing technique and colloidal forming method, favoring homogeneously mixing of multi-components, and realizing the fabrication of hierarchically porous ceramics with complex shape and fine microstructure by introducing pores in submicron- or nano-scale via other approaches for porous ceramics. This review represented five types of slurry-based additive manufacturing techniques i.e., stereolithography apparatus, digital light processing, two-photon polymerization, inkjet printing and direct ink writing. Also, hierarchically porous ceramics fabricated by slurry-based additive manufacturing technique with the existing methods for porous ceramics were analyzed. In addition, representative application and future development of the obtained hierarchically porous ceramics based on the slurry-based additive manufacturing technique were also outlined.

There is an "oxygen inhibition layer" forming when light-curing 3D printing with radicals resin material, leading to continuous printing and surface quality improvement. Since the mechanism of controlling the structural precision of printing parts is unclear, it is thus difficult to control the precision of printing porous parts with complex shape. This paper used a self-made free radical bioceramic slurry to produce porous bioceramic scaffolds through stereolithography, investigated the three-stage curing interval in the lithography process and the principle of controlling the molding accuracy of the oxygen barrier layer. and proposed a reasonable control oxygen-inhibition layer method for adjusting the printing process parameters. It is indicated that the oxygen-inhibition layer can improve the molding accuracy of ceramic parts, and affect its mechanical properties. According to the established mechanism of the thickness of the oxygen-inhibition layer on the forming accuracy and mechanical properties of the porous structure of the bio-bone ceramic scaffold, the high-precision manufacturing basic theory and method for the multifunctional ceramic printing technique and the application of ceramic base bone substitutes were proposed.

In order to use ZrO₂ all-ceramic restorations in the dental field, ZrO₂ slurry suitable for SL technology was obtained and ZrO₂ bioceramic was prepared by SL. The mechanical properties and biocompatibility were investigated. The transformation from m-ZrO₂ to t-ZrO₂ or c-ZrO₂ in the original ZrO₂ powder was completed when sintered at different temperatures. The density of ceramic increases and the number of pores decreases as the sintering temperature increases, and the grain size increases and becomes uneven when the temperature further increases. The Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of ZrO₂ bioceramic firstly increase and then decrease when the sintering temperature increases from 1 450℃ to 1 600℃, and they reach their maximum values (i.e., 14.87 GPa and 6.73 MPa·m^1/2) at 1 500℃. The linear shrinkage and relative density are 23.42% and 97.32%, respectively. In addition, rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) were used for in vitro cell experiments, thus proving that ZrO₂ bioceramic fabricated by SL technique have a good biocompatibility, which can have some application prospects in dental restoration.

There is an "oxygen inhibition layer" forming when light-curing 3D printing with radicals resin material, leading to continuous printing and surface quality improvement. Since the mechanism of controlling the structural precision of printing parts is unclear, it is thus difficult to control the precision of printing porous parts with complex shape. This paper used a self-made free radical bioceramic slurry to produce porous bioceramic scaffolds through stereolithography, investigated the three-stage curing interval in the lithography process and the principle of controlling the molding accuracy of the oxygen barrier layer. and proposed a reasonable control oxygen-inhibition layer method for adjusting the printing process parameters. It is indicated that the oxygen-inhibition layer can improve the molding accuracy of ceramic parts, and affect its mechanical properties. According to the established mechanism of the thickness of the oxygen-inhibition layer on the forming accuracy and mechanical properties of the porous structure of the bio-bone ceramic scaffold, the high-precision manufacturing basic theory and method for the multifunctional ceramic printing technique and the application of ceramic base bone substitutes were proposed.

Porous alumina ceramics have many superior properties, such as high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and low thermal conductivity. Alumina ceramics with solid and hollow lattices were prepared by a digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technique. Stable alumina ceramics were sintered at 1 550℃ for 4h. The experimental results show that alumina ceramic with the solid lattice has a higher compressive strength rather than that with the hollow lattice, and the maximum compressive strength of alumina ceramic with the solid lattice is 4.80 MPa. The maximum compressive strength of the ceramic with the hollow lattice is 1.59 MPa. The results of mechanical tests are similar to the simulation data. Alumina ceramic with the hollow lattice formed by DLP technique can be used in industrial thermal insulation applications.

The nanofiber material is fabricated by electrospinning technology, which has the controllable length and high ordered structure. The nanofiber structure has unique structural advantages for applying the electrode of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), which can effectively improve the performance of SOFC. The nanofiber electrode has a larger specific surface area, porosity and active sites, which is conducive to the adsorption and dissociation of oxygen, and is more conducive to the rapid conduction of ions and electrons along the fiber direction, thus more effectively promoting the oxygen reduction reaction. The combination of electrospinning technology and solution impregnation technology can construct nanofiber composite electrode with controllable structure, which has excellent catalytic performance and effectively improves the performance of SOFC at medium and low temperature. In the future, it is necessary to further study the influence of polymer and external environment on the strength of nanofibers, so as to further improve the strength of nanofibers and optimize the electrode structure.

As an important part of continuous fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composite (CFRCMCs) materials, the interphase directly influences the overall performance of fabricated composite materials, hence it has always been one of the key research directions in this field. On the basis of clarifying the basic functions and requirements of an interphase, this paper reports the research progress of new interphases such as LaPO₄, Y₂Si₂O₇, CaWO₄, AlPO₄ and MAX phases that have attracted great research attention. These emerging interphases are analyzed and discussed from the perspectives of their crystal structures, thermodynamic properties, fabrication techniques and anti-oxidative effects in CFRCMCs respectively, and finally shedding some light on the future developments of new interphases for CFRCMCs.

Carbon fiber reinforced carbon and ceramic dual-matrix composites (C/C-SiC) have the characteristics of low density (≤2.5g/cm³), high-temperature resistance (to 1 600℃), good oxidation resistance, corrosion resistance, and excellent friction and wear resistance. As high-performance friction materials, C/C-SiC composites present a promising application potential in the fields of high-speed and heavy-duty equipment. Recent work on the preparation methods, microstructure design, friction and wear mechanism, modification and application of C/C-SiC friction materials were summarized, and the prospects for development of C/C-SiC composites were also proposed.

Positron emission tomography (PET) plays an important role in disease prevention and detection. In order to improve the performance of PET system, this paper reviewed the development of some scintillation crystals for PET based on the luminescence mechanism and scintillation performance. At present, cerium-doped lanthanum bromide has a superior performance in PET scintillation crystal, but it cannot replace yttrium lutetium silicate as a mainstream crystal in PET system due to the difficulty of moisture absorption and processing. Cerium-doped gadolinium gallium aluminum garnet crystal is expected to become one of the alternative materials for PET scintillation crystal due to its good time resolution and spatial resolution. The future research direction of scintillation crystals in PET field is to explore some novel crystals suitable for time-of-flight detection and depth of interaction detection technology.

A three-dimensional numerical model was proposed for double cathode solid oxide fuel cells based on the thermo-electro-mechanical-chemical multi-physics coupling theory. A novel I-type cathode flow channel with an enhanced mass transfer capability was developed. The gas flow velocity, oxygen molar fraction, pressure loss, temperature, stress distribution, and electrochemical properties of the I-type cathode flow channel and the conventional Z-type cathode flow channel were investigated. The results show that compared to the conventional Z-type flow channel, the optimized cathode flow channel has more uniform distribution of oxygen and less pressure loss in the gas flow, and the loss of concentration polarization reduces with the decrease of working voltage.

To improve the microwave absorption properties of high-temperature resistance of Si₃N₄ based composites, four kinds of composites of Si₃N₄, C_f/Si₃N₄, SiC_nf/Si₃N₄ and SiC_nf-C_f/Si₃N₄ were prepared by a gel-casting and pressure less sintering process using Si₃N₄ ceramic as a substrate, and carbon fiber (C_f), SiC nanofibers (SiC_nf) or SiC nanofibers coated carbon fiber (SiC_nf-C_f), respectively, as an absorber. A comparative study on the microstructure, dielectric properties and microwave absorbing performance at room temperature and 800℃ of as-prepared Si₃N₄ based composites was conducted. The results show that the high-temperature chemical compatibility of C_f and Si₃N₄ is effectively improved by coating SiC_nf on C_f , and C_f is well preserved in Si₃N₄ matrix and connected to each other into a conductive network, thus leading to the enhanced electron conduction and multiple relaxation phenomena in SiC_n-C_f/Si₃N₄ composite. The SiC_nf-C_f/Si₃N₄ composite exhibits the maximum dielectric loss value and the optimal microwave absorption performance both at room temperature and 800℃. At room temperature, the minimum reflection loss (RL) of SiC_nf-C_f/Si₃N₄ composite is -15.2 dB at a thickness of 2.57 mm, and the effective absorption bandwidth (RL<-10 dB) is 1.9 GHz at a thickness of 2.30 mm. At 800℃, the minimum RL reaches -20.4 dB at a thickness of 2.0 mm, and the effective absorption bandwidth increases to 3 GHz at a thickness of 2.25 mm. The main absorbing mechanism of SiC_nf-C_f/Si₃N₄ composite is multiple reflections and scattering, electrical conduction loss, electron polarization and multiple relaxations. At 800℃, the polarization and conduction of electrons are enhanced by the accelerated thermal motion of electrons, leading to a further enhancement in the microwave absorption performance. SiC_nf-C_f/Si₃N₄ composite could be used as a high-performance microwave absorbing material for microwave absorption at a high temperature.

(Sr_1-xZn_x)Al₂Si₂O₈ (x=0, 0.005, 0.010, 0.030, 0.060) microwave dielectric ceramic was prepared by a solid-phase sintering method. The effect of Zn²⁺ doping content on the crystal structure and microwave dielectric properties of SrAl₂Si₂O₈ (SAS) ceramic was investigated. The site (Sr²⁺ or Al³⁺) was determined by the first-principle calculation to confirm the site occupied by Zn²⁺. The result shows that Zn²⁺ substitution can increase SAS Q×f value (from 37 502 GHz to the maximum value of 48 252 GHz), and improve the density and τ_f value. The (Sr_0.99Zn_0.01)Al₂Si₂O₈ ceramic sintered at 1 500℃ for 5 h has excellent microwave dielectric properties(i.e., ε_r=7.0, Q×f=48 252 GHz, τ_f= -36.35×10^-6/℃).

Magnesium gallate spinel ceramic is a promising candidate material for communication system devices due to its unique microwave dielectric properties. In this work, a pure phase MgO·1.15Ga₂O₃ ceramic powder with the uniform and fine particle size was synthesized via solid-state reaction. The crystal structure of synthesized powder was determined by X-ray diffraction, showing that the structure is (Mg_0.118Ga_0.882)^IV[Mg_0.781Ga_1.185□_0.033]^VIO₄. The ceramic was fabricated by pressureless sintering and subsequent hot isostatic pressing sintering with the powder. Furthermore, the correlations among crystal structure, phonon mode parameters and intrinsic dielectric properties were investigated by Raman scattering spectroscopy and Fourier transform far-infrared reflection spectroscopy. The results show that MgO·1.15Ga₂O₃ ceramic has good microwave dielectric properties (i.e., dielectric constant ε_r of 13.21 and quality factor Q_u×f of 166 THz). Besides, the [Mg—O] polyhedra vibrational group yields a larger contribution to infrared active intensity and dielectric loss rather than other vibration modes. The lattice vibration modes at low frequencies also provide a considerable contribution to intrinsic dielectric loss.

Ceramics with tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB)-type structures undoped with sintering aids are difficult to densify due to the high anisotropy of their crystal structures. In this paper, TTB-structured NaSr₂Nb₅O₁₅ (NSN) was selected as the research object to prepare dense ceramics by the design of raw materials. Two powders synthesized by conventional solid-state sintering and molten salt methods were used. The former powder consisted of three phases as the matrix, NSN and intermediate phases (NaNbO₃ and SrNb₂O₆). The latter powder, with a large particle size, acted as a seed. The effects of seed content on the sintering behavior and microstructure of NSN ceramics were investigated. Dense NSN ceramics were prepared by reaction sintering using seed addition into the matrix. The seed content had an obvious influence on the microstructures of the NSN ceramics.

The structures and electrical transport properties of Fe₃O₄ nano-powders under high pressure were studied by means of high pressure X-ray diffraction and high pressure in-situ Hall effect measurement. The results indicate that Fe₃O₄ nano-powders undergoes a structural phase transition from inverse spinel to high-pressure phase at about 17.2 GPa. The discontinuous changes of the resistivity occurred at 6.0 GPa, which is related to the metallization phase transition of Fe₃O₄ nano-powders. Below 6.0 GPa, the decreasing resistivity is due to the rapid increase of the carrier concentration. Above 6.0 GPa, the carrier concentration increases gently and reaches saturation at 11.0 GPa. Further increasing pressure, the increased carrier mobility is the dominant factor for the decreasing resistivity.

The chemical compositions and macrostructures of black-glazed tea bowls, white-rim black porcelains and dual-colored porcelains from Jizhou in the Song dynasty, China, were determined by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and optic microscopy to investigate the manufacture techniques for different composite decorated porcelains. The results show that there are both consistency and difference in porcelain making materials, recipes and glazing techniques of the Jizhou black-glazed tea bowls, white-rim black porcelains and dual-colored porcelains. In addition to the reasonable selection of raw materials and recipes, the control of the glaze thickness and height difference formed by the slight trimming of the body in glaze scraping process is a key to the sharp contrast and clear boundaries between black and white of the white-rim black porcelains.

In order to analyze the growth mechanism of silicon faceted dendrite and reproduce its growth realistically, a 3D model based on cellular automaton-lattice Boltzmann method was proposed. The growth of silicon dendrite was simulated via the cellular automaton. The temperature field of solidifying silicon crystal was calculated by the lattice Boltzmann method. The cellular automaton model and the lattice Boltzmann method were coupled together by the latent heat of solidification released during the growth of silicon crystals and a high anisotropy function was introduced, thus simulating the growth of 3D silicon faceted dendrite. The effects of interfacial energy anisotropy and initial undercooling on the morphology of 3D silicon faceted dendrite were analyzed. The results show that 3D silicon faceted dendrites have a strong anisotropy. The 3D model can simulate the growth of silicon faceted dendrites more realistically and accurately.

The In-rich Al_1-xIn_xN films were grown on Si and quartz substrates by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The structures, morphologies, and optical bandgap of as-grown Al_1-xIn_xN films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and ultra-violate-visible-near infrared spectroscopy. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Al_1-xIn_xN films were measured at room temperature. The Al_1-xIn_xN films have single-phase wurtzite structures with (002) preferred orientation. The In content x was tuned in the range of 0.64-0.76. With increasing the In content x, the Al_1-xIn_xN films exhibit smoother surface morphology and the optical bandgap shows a red-shifted from 1.93 eV to 1.87 eV. The PL emission is dominated by the band edge emission at x = 0.64. The additional emission could be explained by the Burstein-Moss effect when the In content x was increased.

Fe-doped TiO₂ with rich surface oxygen vacancies was prepared by a facile solvothermal method combined with HF etching. The doping of Fe extends the light absorption range of TiO₂ from ultraviolet to visible light. The abundant oxygen vacancies on the TiO₂ surface cooperate with the d orbital of Fe³⁺ to provide a large number of active sites for activating nitrogen molecules, and inhibit the recombination of electrons and holes. In ambient condition, without any sacrificial agent, the ammonia production of 6% Fe-TiO₂ reaches 94.3 µmol·g^-1·h^-1, compared to that of pure TiO₂. In visible light illumination, the ammonia production of 6% Fe-TiO₂ reaches 45.6 µmol·g^-1·h^-1.

A novel red-emitting phosphor CaAl_12-x-y(PO₄)_0.1O_18.85: xMn⁴⁺, yMg²⁺ was synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state method. The crystal structure and luminescence properties of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results show that the synthesized phosphor has a hexagonal crystal structure with the space group of P63/mmc. The optimal doping amounts of Mn⁴⁺ and Mg²⁺ are x of 0.01 and y of 0.1, respectively. Under excitation at 396 nm, CaAl_11.89(PO₄)_0.1O_18.85: 0.01Mn⁴⁺, 0.1Mg²⁺ phosphor shows the maximum red light emission at 654 nm, corresponding to ²E→⁴A_2g transition of Mn⁴⁺. The luminescence intensity and lifetime of phosphor are improved due to the co-doping with Mg²⁺ charge compensator. The absolute quantum efficiency of phosphor is 60%, the fluorescence lifetime is 0.97 ms, the color coordinate is in the deep-red region, and the color purity is 97%. The luminescence intensity is still 60% of the initial intensity when the temperature increases to 413K, indicating that this red phosphor with a superior thermal stability is a novel red luminescent material with broad application prospects.

Long afterglow phosphors are widely used in fields such as optical storage and photocatalysis. Aluminosilicate has the advantages of good physical and chemical stability, thermal stability, high light conversion rate, low cost and emission bandwidth. The layered SrAl₂Si₂O₈:Eu²⁺, Dy³⁺ phosphors with strontium feldspar structure were synthesized by high-temperature solid-state reaction method. The phosphor can be excited by 276 nm ultraviolet light to produce a broad emission band with a peak at 426 nm. Co-doped Dy³⁺ ions do not affect the crystal structure and emission peak position. Dy³⁺ is imported into the trap center to cause continuous light emission. The phosphor has excellent thermal stability, and it can maintain 90.5% of the initial luminous intensity at 200℃. The addition of H₃BO₃ flux does not affect the crystal structure. It improves the luminous intensity and prolongs the afterglow lifetime. After adding the flux, the lifetime can reach 122.3 s, and the quantum efficiency is increased by 30.2%. The luminous characteristics and afterglow lifetime can indicate that SrAl₂Si₂O₈: Eu²⁺, Dy³⁺ phosphors have development potential in the field of long afterglow light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the future.

SUZ-4 zeolite was synthesized by a one-step method with silica fume and coal fly ash as main raw materials. The effects of gel ratio, seed amount, crystallization parameter on the synthesis performance of SUZ-4 zeolite (C-SUZ-4) with a high crystallinity of 96 % were investigated. The adsorption of methylene blue (MB) by C-SUZ-4 zeolite is effective due to the electrostatic interaction on the external surface of the zeolite. The adsorption ability of C-SUZ-4 zeolite could be affected slightly by the impurities in the zeolite.

ZSM-5 zeolite with a high Si/Al ratio (n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)>70) was synthesized in ethanol system via seed-assisted crystallization. The crystal form, morphology and pore structure of ZSM-5 zeolite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that ZSM-5 zeolite with high crystallinity and well-dispersion can be directly synthesized in a single ethanol system when Si/Al ratio is lower than 70 and ethanol/Si ratio is 1.5. However, it is difficult to synthesize ZSM-5 zeolite with a high crystallinity in a single ethanol system when Si/Al ratio is greater than 90. Also, the addition of a small amount of seed can increase Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite synthesized in ethanol system to 150, and shorten the crystallization induction period and overall crystallization time. The morphology of ZSM-5 zeolite in seed-assisted crystallization is different from that of ZSM-5 zeolite synthesized in seed or ethanol alone, and the grain sizes are more uniform and the dispersion is higher. The optimum ratio of alkali to silicon decreases with the increase of Si/Al ratio, but it is still necessary to provide enough alkali to dissolve silicon source for crystallization.

Yolk-shell structure hollow silica nanospheres were prepared with TEOS as a silica precursor and polystyrene sphere as a template by a continuous hard-template wrapping synthesis method and subsequent high temperature calcining. The structure, morphology and properties of the as-synthesized products were characterized by zeta potential analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm and thermal conductivity analysis. The thermal insulation properties of acrylate coating with yolk-shell structure hollow silica nanospheres were investigated. The results show yolk-shell structure hollow silica nanospheres with 20-290 nm layer space have a petal-like morphology. The thermal conductivity is 0.0500-0.0650 W·m^-1·K^-1, which increases with the increase of inner core particle size. The incorporation of yolk-shell structure hollow silica nanospheres into acrylate coating can effectively reduce the thermal conductivity of the coating, which can be reduced by more than 70% at the incorporation content of 8%. Compared to single shell hollow silica nanospheres, yolk-shell structure hollow silica nanospheres have a decreased thermal conductivity of the coating and a better thermal insulation performance.

Copper smelting anode slag and magnesia-chrome brick located in different parts of rotary anode furnace were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction reflection polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-energy dispersive spectroscopy. The damage mechanism of magnesia-chrome brick was investigated. The results show that the damage index of the magnesia-chrome bricks at the end wall, cylinder and tuyere (redox opening) of the anode furnace in service for 8 months are 8.9%, 21.6%, and 55.1%, respectively. The end wall magnesia chrome brick is mainly eroded by silicate phase to form forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄), which forms a dense slag layer at the hot end of magnesia chrome brick, and hinders the erosion and penetration of molten copper and slag, leading to the minimum corrosion degree of magnesia chrome brick. The magnesia chrome brick of cylinder is corroded and penetrated by copper and cuprous oxide. The rotation of furnace and serious erosion and penetration increase the probability of structural spalling of magnesia chrome brick, and the degree of erosion is greater than that of end wall magnesia chrome brick. A high oxygen potential of the redox tuyere magnesia-chrome brick in the oxidation stage can suffer the greatest penetration of cuprous oxide. The alkaline flux sodium carbonate added during slagging has a more obvious aggravating effect on the erosion of the magnesia-chrome brick. Na₂O from Na₂CO₃ decomposition reacts with part of the chromium spinel to form Na₂Cr₂O₄, which destroys the direct bonding of magnesia-chrome bricks. In addition, the complex service environment such as melt erosion, turbulence, and reducing agent injection causes a frequent peeling of the redox tuyere magnesia-chrome brick structure with the maximum degree of corrosion.

A nano-carbon/MgAl₂O₄ spinel composite powder was prepared with magnesia citrate and alumina via buried carbon-bed sintering. The nano-carbon/MgAl₂O₄ spinel composite powder was investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The effect of composite powder amount on the physical properties, oxidation resistance, slag corrosion resistance and thermal shock resistance for low-carbon Al₂O₃-C refractories was investigated. The results show that carbon in the nano-carbon/MgAl₂O₄ spinel composite powder is equally distributed, and attached onto the spinel grain surface or mixed between the grains, leading to the composite powder having the corrosion resistance and thermal shock resistance for the low-carbon Al₂O₃-C refractories. Compared to the blank sample, the corrosion resistance of the sample with nano-carbon/MgAl₂O₄ spinel composite powder of 4.5% (in mass fraction) is increased by 71.3%, the thermal shock resistance is improved, and the residual strength retention rate is increased by 43.2%, thus indicating that the nano- carbon/MgAl₂O₄ spinel composite powder can improve the properties of low-carbon Al₂O₃-C refractories.