Soil microorganisms serve as key drivers of biogeochemical cycling processes and are essential for maintaining the structure and stability of terrestrial ecosystems. Although existing studies have made progress in understanding the patterns and mechanisms of microbial responses to warming， there remains insufficient integration of microbial response mechanisms and the scientific application of their trait parameters in ecosystem models. Therefore， this paper focused on five core microbial traits： microbial community structure， biomass， extracellular enzyme activity， respiration， and carbon use efficiency. We systematically expounded the response mechanisms of these core traits driven by warming， clarifying the regulatory effects of relevant environmental variables on them. Meanwhile， this paper outlined current research progress in integrating microbial traits into the carbon cycle models， aiming to enhance the accuracy of assessing changes in ecosystem functioning under climate warming. Based on current research progress， we advocated that future studies should focus on long-term field monitoring and multi-ecosystem， large-scale comprehensive investigation. This would enable accurate prediction of the effects of warming on microbial communities， thereby enhancing model prediction capabilities for microbial-driven ecosystem functions. This will advance mechanistic understanding of soil microbial responses to climate warming and provide theoretical support for sustainable ecosystem management.

To clarify the effects of different grazing intensities on the plant community structure， species diversity， and population niche characteristics in desert steppe， reveal the laws of community species replacement and the niche response mechanisms of dominant species， and provide a theoretical basis for scientific grazing management， this study set up four different grazing treatments to analyze changes in community species composition， diversity， and niche characteristics. The results showed that with the increase of grazing intensity， the community species shifted from perennial forbs and shrubs/subshrubs to perennial grasses； grazing significantly reduced the total aboveground biomass of the community and the biomass of various functional groups， and the Shannon-Wiener index， Simpson index， and species richness index. Stipa breviflora， Cleistogenes songorica， and Convolvulus ammannii maintained a wide niche breadth under all grazing treatments， and the niche overlap among species with high niche breadth was generally high， with the niche overlap between Stipa breviflora and Cleistogenes songorica reaching the highest under the heavy grazing treatment. The study indicated that grazing significantly affected the structure of desert steppe communities by altering the resource competition relationships among species. Therefore， grazing intensity should be controlled in desert steppe management to maintain ecosystem stability.

The development and utilization of saline-alkali land is a key focus for grassland improvement in China， and enhancing the germination capacity of native grass seeds is a crucial step of this process. In this study seeds of Mongolian wheatgrass （Agropyron mongolicum） was used as the material to investigate the effects of nano-iron particle suspensions at different concentrations （25， 50， 75 and 100 mg·L^-1） and different priming duration （4 h and 36 h） on seeds germination， seedling growth characteristics and antioxidant enzyme activities of seedling under 175 mmol·L^-1 mixed salt solution stress （NaCl∶Na₂SO₄=5∶1）. Multispectral imaging technology was also used to rapidly and visually assess seedling vigor and to screen for the most salt-tolerant priming treatments. The results showed that the priming treatment with 4 h significantly outperformed than the 36 h treatment according to the analysis of seed germination and seedling growth indexes （P<0.05）. Nano-iron priming for 4 h at all concentrations significantly improved the germination percentage and germination index （P<0.05）， reduced mean germination time， and increased seedling height， fresh weight， vigor index， and antioxidant enzyme activities （e.g. POD， CAT， APX and MDHAR） in the seedlings （P<0.05）. The nCDA images from multispectral imaging were highly consistent with the trends of these physiological and biochemical changes. Among all the treatments， 50 mg·L^-1 nano-iron priming for 4 h was the most effective， significantly enhancing germinability and growth performance of Mongolian wheatgrass under salt stress and markedly improving its salt tolerance. These findings provide important scientific evidence for vegetation restoration and ecological rehabilitation in saline-alkali lands.

To elucidate the genetic diversity and adaptive evolutionary mechanisms of different geographical populations of the plateau zokor （Eospalax baileyi）， in this study PCR was conducted to amplify and clone the MHC-DRB gene exon 2 in 121 individuals from eight distinct geographical populations. The results showed that the MHC-DRB exon 2 of the plateau zokor exhibits high polymorphism， with significant genetic differentiation among populations. Geographical isolation was identified as the primary factor driving population divergence. Codon usage bias was observed in nucleotide composition. Neutral tests indicated that the plateau zokor population had not undergone recent expansion， and the maintenance of genetic polymorphism was primarily driven by natural selection. The findings of this study will provide a theoretical basis for further investigating the genetic adaptation of MHC genes in Eospalax baileyi and their effective population management.

This study employed conventional chromosome squash techniques to analyze the ploidy levels and karyotypes of eight samples from five Gynostemma species， aiming to investigate their evolutionary trends and phylogenetic relationships. The results revealed that all eight samples exhibited a basic chromosome number of 11. Among them， G.pentaphyllum collected from Fujian Nanjing was tetraploid， while the remaining seven samples were diploid. Satellite chromosomes were observed in two samples. Chromosome types included two categories： m （metacentric） and sm （submetacentric）. Karyotype classifications comprised four types： 1A， 2A， 1B， and 2B. The ratio of the longest to shortest chromosome ranged from 1.48 to 3.26， with an average arm ratio of 1.26-1.45. The karyotypic asymmetry coefficient varied between 55.59% and 58.56%. Based on karyotype evolution， the samples were ordered as follows： GXH， WZ>GXY>AH， FJ>MD， GXB， YJ. These findings provide cytological evidence for the taxonomic classification and phylogenetic analysis of Gynostemma species.

To explore the role of MfWRKY3 in regulating the response of Medicago falcata to stresses， the MfWRKY3 gene was cloned from wild Medicago falcata in this study， and the characteristics of it encoded protein and the expression pattern were preliminarily identified. The results showed that the length of MfWRKY3 ORF （open reading frame） is 1575 bp， encoding a protein with 524 amino acids， predicted molecular mass of 57.36 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.96. The MfWRKY3 had transcriptional activation activity and was localized in the nucleus， belonging to the WRKY Ⅰ sub-group transcription factor member. Meanwhile， it was found that the MfWRKY3 gene had the highest expression level in the leaves of Medicago falcate， and the its expression in the roots， stems and leaves were regulated by salt， low temperature and ABA treatment. However， the salt stress could significantly induce the expression of MfWRKY3 gene. These findings laid a foundation for further investigating the biological function and molecular mechanism of MfWRKY3 in regulating the response of Medicago falcata to abiotic stresses.

Elytrigia elongata （Host） Nevski， a perennial bunchgrass， possesses outstanding stress tolerance and forage quality. This study aimed to examine the chromosome number， karyotype composition， and gene expression profiles across various ploidy levels within E. elongata germplasm. Three accessions， designated EE030， EE031， and Ae4x， were used as experimental materials. Karyotype analysis was conducted via an enzymatic maceration method， and differences in gene expression among accessions with varying ploidy levels were analyzed through full-length transcriptome sequencing on the PacBio platform. The results revealed that accession EE031 is a diploid （2n=2x=14） with a karyotype formula of K（2n）=2x=10m+4sm， classified as the “1A” type. Accession Ae4x is identified as a tetraploid （2n=4x=28） with a karyotype formula of K（2n）=4x=20m+6sm+2st， classified as the “2A” type. Accession EE030 is a decaploid （2n=10x=70） with a karyotype formula of K（2n）=10x=56m+12sm+2st， also categorized as the “2A” type. In parallel， transcriptome analysis revealed that increased ploidy level was associated with an essential expansion in transcript abundance and functional diversity. Differentially expressed genes in EE031， Ae4x， and EE030 were enriched in 10， 12， and 15 KEGG metabolic pathways， as well as in 39， 38， and 64 GO functional terms， respectively. Furthermore， core functional pathways specific to each ploidy level were identified： （1） EE031 （diploid） was enriched in proteins related to Chromosomes and Chromosome-binding， Stress response， and Signal receptor activity； （2） Ae4x （tetraploid） was enriched in Transporter and Hydrolase activities； （3） EE030 （decaploid） was associated with Metabolism， Transporter， and Transferase activities.

To investigate codon usage bias of Persicaria odorata， we sequenced the chloroplast genome of P. odorata using the Next-Generation Sequencing. The raw sequencing data were quality control filtered， assembled， annotated and constructed a physical map. Furthermore， we systematically analyzed the codon usage bias of 52 protein-coding sequences. Our comprehensive analysis shows that the chloroplast genome was 159 897 bp in length， with a typical quadripartite structure consisting of a large single-copy region （LSC）， a small single-copy region （SSC）， and two inverted repeat regions （IR）. The overall GC content of codons in the P. odorata chloroplast genome was 38.88%， with GC1>GC2>GC3， showing a preference for codons ending with A/U. The effective number of codons （ENC）， the codon adaptation index （CAI）， the codon bias index （CBI） and the frequency of optimal codons （Fop） ranged from 36.29 to 54.14， 0.10 to 0.30， -0.26 to 0.19， and 0.26 to 0.53， respectively. These analysis collectively indicated weak codon usage bias in the chloroplast genome of P. odorata. Neutrality plot analysis， ENC-plot analysis， and PR2-plot analysis revealed that codon usage bias in the P. odorata chloroplast genome resulted from both mutation pressure and selection pressure and was primarily determined by the selection pressure. A total of 10 optimal codons were identified. Our study established a fundamental framework for functional genomics and molecular breeding of P. odorata by providing：（i） theoretical foundations and molecular marker resources for further functional analysis of chloroplast genes， （ii） evolutionary studies， and （iii） molecular breeding within Polygonaceae.

To clarify the basic characteristics of single-copy nuclear gene sequences in Littledalea racemosa and obtain effective single-copy nuclear gene molecular markers， the single-copy homologous genes were identified using OrthorFinder software based on third-generation full-length transcriptome data of L. racemosa in this study. And then through PCR amplification and population testing experiments， 10 pairs of single-copy nuclear gene molecular marker primers for L. racemosa were successfully developed. The results showed that a total of 48 219 CDS （coding sequence） regions were detected in the L. racemosa transcriptome， with an average of 1.57 coding regions per transcript. A total of 301 single-copy nuclear gene sequences were obtained based on the amino acid sequences of transcriptome CDS and finally， 10 pairs of single-copy nuclear gene primers were obtained， which demonstrated effective amplification performance and exhibited intraspecific variation. A total of 64 individuals of L. racemosa were successfully amplified through all 10 pairs of single-copy nuclear genes primers. The gene sequences exhibited extensive variation in polymorphism. The number of segregating sites （S） ranged from 13 to 42， with an average of 24.4. The number of haplotypes （h） ranged from 16 to 32， with an average of 23.7. The average number of nucleotide differences （k） ranged from 2.275 to 16.497， with an average of 7.686. The haplotype diversity （H_d） ranged from 0.776 to 0.896， with an average of 0.841. The nucleotide diversity （π） ranged from 3.05×10^-3 to 15.61×10^-3， with an average of 10.50×10^-3， and the Watterson’s estimator （θw） ranged from 3.27×10^-3 to 9.92×10^-3， with an average of 6.21×10^-3. The genetic differentiation results showed that the genetic variation of 15 populations of L. racemosa mainly existed within populations. Phylogenetic trees constructed using the 10 single-copy nuclear genes demonstrated congruent relationships among five Poaceae species. The 10 pairs of L. racemosa single-copy nuclear gene primers developed in this study， providing abundant candidate markers for future research on phylogeny， and resource conservation and utilization for Littledalea species.

To analyze the genetic diversity characteristics of the phenotypic traits and identify germplasm with superior traits in oats （Avena sativa L.）， this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation of 24 phenotypic traits in 465 oat accessions collected from 26 countries. The results showed that the coefficient of variation for 13 quantitative traits ranged from 13.19% to 46.70%， while the genetic diversity index for 11 qualitative traits varied between 0.12 and 1.00. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations （P<0.01） between plant growth traits （e.g.， plant height， stem diameter） and yield-related or panicle traits， whereas a significant negative correlation （P<0.05） was observed between lodging resistance and thousand-kernel weight. Cluster analysis classified the accessions into six distinct groups： Group I， high-biomass hulled oats suitable for forage breeding； Group II， accessions combining high yield and lodging resistance； Group III， naked oats ideal for grain use； Groups IV-VI， accessions with distinctive characteristics， which can serve as a specialized gene bank. Based on principal component analysis （cumulative contribution rate of 65.05%） and comprehensive evaluation scores （F value）， five elite accessions （174， Y586， Y1062， Y341， 150） with high yield and lodging resistance were identified， demonstrating potential as excellent parental lines or fundamental research materials.