This study used 17 selected quinoa lines as experimental materials and established three sowing dates: November 10, 2022 (T1), December 15, 2022 (T2), and January 5, 2023 (T3), to analyze the effects of sowing date on quinoa agronomic traits and yield. The results showed that delaying the sowing date shortened the average growth period from 191.7 d (T1) to 148.1 d (T3), a reduction of 44.0 d for late sowing compared to early sowing. Under T3 treatment, quinoa exhibited the highest average plant height but the lowest 1000-grain weight. Under T2 treatment, the average stem diameter, number of effective branches, and yield per plant were all the highest. Under T1 treatment, the average main panicle length was the shortest. Correlation analysis showed that the yield per plant had a highly significantly positive correlation with stem diameter, number of effective branches, and 1000-grain weight. Two-way ANOVA showed that plant height, main panicle length, 1000-grain weight, and growth period were most strongly affected by sowing date. In contrast, number of effective branches and yield per plant were only significantly affected by the line and the interaction between line and sowing date. In conclusion, the most suitable winter sowing date for quinoa in the low-heat valley area of the Jinsha River in northwest Yunnan is mid-December (T2). Under this sowing date, lines Q201909, Q201807, and Q201913 exhibited the best comprehensive performance in agronomic traits and yield, making them suitable for winter cultivation in the low-heat valley areas of Yunnan and similar climatic regions.

A two-year field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023 in Zunyi, Guizhou Province. Five fertilization treatments, no fertilization (T1), farmerʼs habit fertilization, basal application ordinary compound fertilizer 900 kg/ha and topdressing of pure N 45.0 kg/ha during panicle stage (T2), basal application type I fertilizer 1800 kg/ha, no topdressing (T3), basal application type II fertilizer 3000 kg/ha, no topdressing (T4), basal application type III fertilizer 1500 kg/ha and topdressing of pure N 90.0 kg/ha during panicle stage (T5) were set up to study the effects of different organic-inorganic compound fertilizers from distillerʼs grains on sorghum yield, quality, nutrient uptake and utilization. The result showed that compared with T2 treatment, the sorghum yield of T3, T4, and T5 treatment increased by 76.57, 107.57, 164.66 kg/ha and total biomass increased 328.40, 358.98, and 463.54 kg/ha. Compared with T2 treatment, the amylopectin content in sorghum from T3 to T5 treatment increased by 1.13%-7.02% and and tannin content increased by 1.63%-4.35%. Compared with T2 treatment, the nitrogen accumulation of T3, T4 and T5 treatments were increased by 7.27, 6.22, 9.07 kg/ha, the phosphorus accumulation were increased by 1.27, 1.72, 2.47 kg/ha, the potassium accumulation were increased by 13.35, 12.38, 9.15 kg/ha. After harvesting of sorghum, T3, T4 and T5 treatments could all maintain or increase soil nutrient content. The two-year average net benefit of T5 treatment were 45 189.7 yuan/ha, and output/input ratio were 2.679, higher than T2, T3, and T4 treatments. In summary, both the one-time basal application of Type I and Type II and basal application of Type III + topdressing of nitrogen at panicle stage methods could improve the yield, nutrient absorption and utilization, and maintain soil fertility levels. We suggested that when labor is in sufficient, the former is preferred; when labor is sufficient, the latter is an alternative.

A field experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of different microbial fertilizers of biological and compound formulations on soil physicochemical properties, growth and development, disease resistance, photosynthetic characteristics, economic traits, chemical composition, and sensory evaluation of tobacco leaves. The results showed that the application of microbial fertilizer could effectively improve the soil available nutrients, ameliorate soil acidification, and promote the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, showing better plant height, leaf length, stem girth and effective leaf number. Among all the treatments, the treatment of biological agents, purple spotted fungus had the most obvious effect. In addition, the application of purple spotted fungus increased the net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO₂ concentration and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value). Compared with the CK treatment, the application of microbial fertilizer affected the occurrence of tobacco disease. The application of root rot control agent (double dosage) and thick- walled verticillium improved the resistance to common mosaic virus, while the application of root rot control agent, purple spotted fungus, oxmayl and fluorescent pseudomonad improved the resistance to black shank disease. The appearance quality of flue-cured tobacco, economic properties, chemical composition of cured tobacco leaves and the total score of sensory evaluation were the best in the treatment of biological agents. This indicated that the application of purple spotted fungus in biological-based microbial fertilizer could improve soil physicochemistry properties to a certain extent, promote the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco and improve disease resistance. At the same time, it could cause changes in the appearance quality and chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco, thus improving the quality and yield quality of flue-cured tobacco.

Northern Japonica rice region is susceptible to cold damage, and breeding cold-tolerant rice varieties is the most direct and effective means to address this issue. In this study, 45 accessions of northern Japonica rice were used as experimental materials. Under 14 °C cold stress, seven indicators including germination potential, germination rate, germination index, vigor index of shoot, vigor index of root, average germination days, and germination coefficient were measured. Multivariate statistical methods such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), membership function comprehensive analysis, and cluster analysis, were employed to evaluate cold tolerance. The results showed that all germination indicators exhibited varying degrees of decline under cold stress, with the vigor index of root showing the most obvious decrease. By calculating the membership function values of each indicator, the seven indicators were transformed into two comprehensive indicators through PCA. Cluster analysis was then used to categorize the 45 accessions into four groups, successfully screening 13 cold-tolerant materials. Furthermore, a regression equation was established, which identified that germination potential, germination rate, vigor index of root, and germination coefficient are the key indicators for evaluating cold tolerance in northern Japonica rice at the germination stage.

Photo-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (P/TGMS) lines are precious resources for hybrid rice breeding. Using the newly discovered rice P/TGMS line 19XS as material, its breeding process, agronomic traits, fertility conversion characteristics, hybrid progeny fertility, and genotype were analyzed. The results showed that in Wuhan area (sown in early May), 19XS maintained a stable sterile state for more than 45 days from heading in early August to late September; a small amount of fertility conversion began to occur after October 3. In Hainan area (sown in late November, heading in early March), 19XS generally appeared fertile, exhibiting photo- thermo-sensitive fertility conversion characteristics. Genetic analysis indicated that 19XS is a new recessive genic male sterile line, and its sterility is not interfered with by the genetic background. The hybrid progeny of 19XS and Xiang 78S (19XS/Xiang 78S) exhibited excellent agronomic traits, including compact plant type, large panicles with numerous grains, and high seed setting rate. Gene chip detection results showed that both 19XS and 19XS/Xiang 78S contain the thermo-sensitive male sterile gene TMS5. These findings provide a new material basis for hybrid rice breeding.

To explore the effects of silicon (Si) on the physiological characteristics of oat leaves infected by Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae and clarify the physiological mechanism of silicon-induced resistance to stem rust, a pot experiment was conducted using ʻBayou 1ʼ, an oat cultivar highly susceptible to stem rust, as the experimental material. Four treatments were established: CK (no silicon, no stem rust pathogen inoculation), +Si-P (silicon application, no stem rust pathogen inoculation), -Si+P (no silicon, stem rust pathogen inoculation), and +Si+P (silicon application, stem rust pathogen inoculation). This study investigated the effects of 1.5 mmol/L silicon application on the disease progression, reactive oxygen species content, and antioxidant enzyme activities of oat leaves after stem rust pathogen infection. The results showed that silicon application effectively delayed the disease development process of oat stem rust, and significantly alleviated disease symptoms. Stem rust pathogen infection led to a rapid increase in O₂^-. and hydrogen peroxide content in leaves. Simultaneously, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and relative electrical conductivity of leaves increased rapidly, while ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity decreased rapidly. Within seven days after stem rust pathogen inoculation, silicon application reduced the reactive oxygen species content in leaves, while increasing the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT, and decreasing APX activity and MDA content. Furthermore, silicon application reduced the relative electrical conductivity of leaves within 11 days after inoculation. Silicon application enhanced the antioxidant defense ability of oat leaves, reduced the degree of membrane lipid peroxidation, and enhanced oat resistance to stem rust.