A two-year field experiment was conducted from 2022 to 2023 in Zunyi, Guizhou Province. Five fertilization treatments, no fertilization (T1), farmerʼs habit fertilization, basal application ordinary compound fertilizer 900 kg/ha and topdressing of pure N 45.0 kg/ha during panicle stage (T2), basal application type I fertilizer 1800 kg/ha, no topdressing (T3), basal application type II fertilizer 3000 kg/ha, no topdressing (T4), basal application type III fertilizer 1500 kg/ha and topdressing of pure N 90.0 kg/ha during panicle stage (T5) were set up to study the effects of different organic-inorganic compound fertilizers from distillerʼs grains on sorghum yield, quality, nutrient uptake and utilization. The result showed that compared with T2 treatment, the sorghum yield of T3, T4, and T5 treatment increased by 76.57, 107.57, 164.66 kg/ha and total biomass increased 328.40, 358.98, and 463.54 kg/ha. Compared with T2 treatment, the amylopectin content in sorghum from T3 to T5 treatment increased by 1.13%-7.02% and and tannin content increased by 1.63%-4.35%. Compared with T2 treatment, the nitrogen accumulation of T3, T4 and T5 treatments were increased by 7.27, 6.22, 9.07 kg/ha, the phosphorus accumulation were increased by 1.27, 1.72, 2.47 kg/ha, the potassium accumulation were increased by 13.35, 12.38, 9.15 kg/ha. After harvesting of sorghum, T3, T4 and T5 treatments could all maintain or increase soil nutrient content. The two-year average net benefit of T5 treatment were 45 189.7 yuan/ha, and output/input ratio were 2.679, higher than T2, T3, and T4 treatments. In summary, both the one-time basal application of Type I and Type II and basal application of Type III + topdressing of nitrogen at panicle stage methods could improve the yield, nutrient absorption and utilization, and maintain soil fertility levels. We suggested that when labor is in sufficient, the former is preferred; when labor is sufficient, the latter is an alternative.

Using two rice varieties, Suijing 309 (SJ309) and Longqingdao 31 (LQD31), as experimental materials, the effects of chromium (Cr) stress on the physiological traits and morphological characteristics of rice leaves were investigated. The results showed that Cr was primarily enriched in the roots of rice, and SJ309 was more effective than LQD31 in reducing the absorption and translocation of Cr. Under high-concentration Cr stress (100 μmol/L), the physiological characteristics such as stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic pigments decreased in both varieties, while leaf vapor pressure deficit, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased. After Cr stress treatment, only LQD31 exhibited an increase in the stomatal area of guard cells and closure of the stomatal aperture, whereas no significant changes were observed in SJ309. Compared with SJ309, the contents of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) in LQD31 increased significantly, leading to the overexpression of NCED1 and NCED2 genes involved in the regulation of stomatal aperture, which indicated that LQD31 was more sensitive to Cr stress. Furthermore, Cr stress significantly increased the density and length of non-glandular trichomes in SJ309, suggesting its ability to withstand UV damage and various environmental stresses. In summary, SJ309 demonstrates superior tolerance to Cr stress, and its hyperaccumulation characteristics can be utilized for the phytoremediation of Cr-contaminated soils.

The resistance of 473 common bean resources to Acanthoscelides obtectus was identified by artificial inoculation method. The results showed that 49.1% of the resources showed varying degrees of resistance, mcluding 15 highly resistant resources, 60 resistant resources and 157 moderately resistant resources. In the highly resistant resources, F1432, F0645, F0675, F0004351 and F0004406 did not show any infected symptoms, manifesting as immunity. Research found that A.obtectus has a certain phototaxis. No significant differences in resistance were found among resources with different grain color, grain size, and seed coat luster. The screening and identification of A.obtectus resistant resources is beneficial for providing excellent resistance resources for subsequent resistance breeding.

This study used 17 selected quinoa lines as experimental materials and established three sowing dates: November 10, 2022 (T1), December 15, 2022 (T2), and January 5, 2023 (T3), to analyze the effects of sowing date on quinoa agronomic traits and yield. The results showed that delaying the sowing date shortened the average growth period from 191.7 d (T1) to 148.1 d (T3), a reduction of 44.0 d for late sowing compared to early sowing. Under T3 treatment, quinoa exhibited the highest average plant height but the lowest 1000-grain weight. Under T2 treatment, the average stem diameter, number of effective branches, and yield per plant were all the highest. Under T1 treatment, the average main panicle length was the shortest. Correlation analysis showed that the yield per plant had a highly significantly positive correlation with stem diameter, number of effective branches, and 1000-grain weight. Two-way ANOVA showed that plant height, main panicle length, 1000-grain weight, and growth period were most strongly affected by sowing date. In contrast, number of effective branches and yield per plant were only significantly affected by the line and the interaction between line and sowing date. In conclusion, the most suitable winter sowing date for quinoa in the low-heat valley area of the Jinsha River in northwest Yunnan is mid-December (T2). Under this sowing date, lines Q201909, Q201807, and Q201913 exhibited the best comprehensive performance in agronomic traits and yield, making them suitable for winter cultivation in the low-heat valley areas of Yunnan and similar climatic regions.

The absorption of selenium by tartary buckwheat to form selenium-enriched characteristics is of great significance for promoting the high-quality development of the tartary buckwheat industry. In this study, 30 representative tartary buckwheat germplasm resources were selected to measure their agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation and translocation characteristics, as well as yield and grain trait indicators. Foliar application of selenium fertilizer was set as a treatment. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and GGE biplot analysis were comprehensively utilized to conduct a thorough evaluation of the growth, development, and selenium response characteristics of different tartary buckwheat germplasms. The results showed that significant variations existed among different tartary buckwheat germplasm resources in terms of agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation and translocation characteristics, yield and its components, and selenium accumulation, distribution, and enrichment traits. Furthermore, foliar selenium application exhibited a promoting effect on all measured growth and development indicators of the germplasm resources. Through cluster analysis, ten selenium-sensitive, 12 selenium-intermediate, and eight selenium-insensitive germplasm resources were screened. GGE biplot analysis identified YYMY002 as a germplasm with high yield, high selenium enrichment, and relative comprehensive superior traits.

Photo-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (P/TGMS) lines are precious resources for hybrid rice breeding. Using the newly discovered rice P/TGMS line 19XS as material, its breeding process, agronomic traits, fertility conversion characteristics, hybrid progeny fertility, and genotype were analyzed. The results showed that in Wuhan area (sown in early May), 19XS maintained a stable sterile state for more than 45 days from heading in early August to late September; a small amount of fertility conversion began to occur after October 3. In Hainan area (sown in late November, heading in early March), 19XS generally appeared fertile, exhibiting photo- thermo-sensitive fertility conversion characteristics. Genetic analysis indicated that 19XS is a new recessive genic male sterile line, and its sterility is not interfered with by the genetic background. The hybrid progeny of 19XS and Xiang 78S (19XS/Xiang 78S) exhibited excellent agronomic traits, including compact plant type, large panicles with numerous grains, and high seed setting rate. Gene chip detection results showed that both 19XS and 19XS/Xiang 78S contain the thermo-sensitive male sterile gene TMS5. These findings provide a new material basis for hybrid rice breeding.