Using wild oats and cultivated oats as research subjects, an experiment was conducted using wild population materials (Atl-03, Atl-05, Atl-06, Atl-08, Atl-11) and cultivated population materials (ITAO-32, ITAO-36, ITAO-38, ITAO-49, ITAO-50). Photosynthetic parameters including net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO₂ concentration, transpiration rate, and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD value), as well as agronomic traits such as plant height, panicle length, total tiller number, 1000-grain weight, and mean surface area of seed, were measured at heading stage, early grain-filling stage, late grain-filling stage, and maturity, respectively. The results showed there were significant differences in photosynthetic characteristics between wild oats and cultivated oats. The coefficients of variation of wild oats were higher than those of cultivated oats, but cultivated oats exhibited stronger and more stable photosynthetic performance. Furthermore, significant differences were also observed in agronomic traits between wild oats and cultivated oats. Correlation analysis indicated that net photosynthetic rate, flag leaf area, and SPAD value were all significantly positively correlated with 1000-grain weight. Among the wild populations, Atl-11 exhibited the optimal photosynthetic characteristics and agronomic traits; among the cultivated populations, ITAO-36 showed the optimal photosynthetic characteristics and agronomic traits, and both can serve as excellent germplasm resources.

The main agronomic traits of 513 faba bean germplasm resources at home and abroad were analyzed. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of 15 agronomic traits ranged from 13.09% to 53.58%, indicating that there was a large genetic variation. The coefficient of variation for the number of pods per plant reached the highest value of 53.58%, with a variation range of 1.00 to 42.00, whereas pod width exhibited the lowest coefficient of variation at 13.09%, varying from 0.80 to 2.23 cm. Correlations among traits highlighted that the number of branches, number of effective branches, number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, plant height, and height of the last pod are key for developing high-yielding faba bean varieties. The principal component analysis extracted five principal components, with the cumulative contribution rate reaching 72.098%, effectively representing the phenotypic characteristics of these germplasm resources. By calculating the membership function values, a comprehensive score (F-value) was derived, and the top 30 germplasm resources with the best comprehensive traits were identified. The cluster analysis subsequently divided the 513 faba bean germplasm resources into three group: Cluster I included 160 resources (31.19% of the total), characterized by high plant height and yield; Cluster II comprised 221 resources (43.08% of the total), suitable as parental selection and screening of excellent genes; and Cluster III contained 132 resources (25.73% of the total), representing specific germplasm.

In order to clarify the suitable planting pattern and nitrogen application rate for rapeseed relay cropped rapeseed after wheat, a field experiment was conducted in Dalad Banner, Inner Mongolia. Five nitrogen application rate gradients (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha) were set under three planting modes, including straw removal+tillage (T1), straw returning+tillage (T2), and straw removal+no tillage (T3). The optimal nitrogen rate was determined based on rapeseed biomass, nutrient accumulation, and economic benefits. The results showed that the aboveground biomass, carbon accumulation and potassium accumulation of rapeseed under T2 treatment were all higher than those under T1 and T3 treatments. Under T2 treatment, the average of fresh grass weight, dry grass weight, carbon accumulation, and potassium accumulation of all nitrogen application treatments could reach 60.5 t/ha, 8.0 t/ha, 2981 kg/ha, and 253 kg/ha, respectively. Nitrogen application rate significantly affected the biomass and nutrient accumulation of rapeseed under different planting modes. The biomass and nutrient accumulation of rapeseed increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate within the nitrogen application rate range. Compared with no nitrogen application treatment, the fresh grass weight and dry grass weight of rapeseed increased by 39.8% and 35.1% respectively when the nitrogen application rate was 30 kg/ha, 63.0% and 67.9% at 60 kg/ha, 78.1% and 89.0% at 90 kg/ha, 86.5% and 98.1% at 120 kg/ha. The trend of nutrient accumulation of rapeseed green manure was basically consistent with that of biomass. The input costs and outputs of rapeseed for different purposes varied under different planting modes and nitrogen application rates. Considering the factors such as biomass, nutrient accumulation, and economic benefits of rapeseed for different purposes under different modes, rapeseed can be planted with no-tillage method with wheat straw removal following wheat harvest. The optimal nitrogen application rate for rapeseed as silage feed is 120 kg/ha, and for rapeseed as green manure, the optimal nitrogen application rate is 90 kg/ha.

Using two rice varieties, Suijing 309 (SJ309) and Longqingdao 31 (LQD31), as experimental materials, the effects of chromium (Cr) stress on the physiological traits and morphological characteristics of rice leaves were investigated. The results showed that Cr was primarily enriched in the roots of rice, and SJ309 was more effective than LQD31 in reducing the absorption and translocation of Cr. Under high-concentration Cr stress (100 μmol/L), the physiological characteristics such as stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, and photosynthetic pigments decreased in both varieties, while leaf vapor pressure deficit, intercellular CO₂ concentration, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased. After Cr stress treatment, only LQD31 exhibited an increase in the stomatal area of guard cells and closure of the stomatal aperture, whereas no significant changes were observed in SJ309. Compared with SJ309, the contents of abscisic acid (ABA) and salicylic acid (SA) in LQD31 increased significantly, leading to the overexpression of NCED1 and NCED2 genes involved in the regulation of stomatal aperture, which indicated that LQD31 was more sensitive to Cr stress. Furthermore, Cr stress significantly increased the density and length of non-glandular trichomes in SJ309, suggesting its ability to withstand UV damage and various environmental stresses. In summary, SJ309 demonstrates superior tolerance to Cr stress, and its hyperaccumulation characteristics can be utilized for the phytoremediation of Cr-contaminated soils.

The absorption of selenium by tartary buckwheat to form selenium-enriched characteristics is of great significance for promoting the high-quality development of the tartary buckwheat industry. In this study, 30 representative tartary buckwheat germplasm resources were selected to measure their agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation and translocation characteristics, as well as yield and grain trait indicators. Foliar application of selenium fertilizer was set as a treatment. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and GGE biplot analysis were comprehensively utilized to conduct a thorough evaluation of the growth, development, and selenium response characteristics of different tartary buckwheat germplasms. The results showed that significant variations existed among different tartary buckwheat germplasm resources in terms of agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation and translocation characteristics, yield and its components, and selenium accumulation, distribution, and enrichment traits. Furthermore, foliar selenium application exhibited a promoting effect on all measured growth and development indicators of the germplasm resources. Through cluster analysis, ten selenium-sensitive, 12 selenium-intermediate, and eight selenium-insensitive germplasm resources were screened. GGE biplot analysis identified YYMY002 as a germplasm with high yield, high selenium enrichment, and relative comprehensive superior traits.

The resistance of 473 common bean resources to Acanthoscelides obtectus was identified by artificial inoculation method. The results showed that 49.1% of the resources showed varying degrees of resistance, mcluding 15 highly resistant resources, 60 resistant resources and 157 moderately resistant resources. In the highly resistant resources, F1432, F0645, F0675, F0004351 and F0004406 did not show any infected symptoms, manifesting as immunity. Research found that A.obtectus has a certain phototaxis. No significant differences in resistance were found among resources with different grain color, grain size, and seed coat luster. The screening and identification of A.obtectus resistant resources is beneficial for providing excellent resistance resources for subsequent resistance breeding.

To investigate the mechanism of the coupled effects of precipitation, nitrogen (N) fertilizer, and straw mulching on dryland spring wheat yield under different precipitation year types, the APSIM model was calibrated using spring wheat yield, soil, and meteorological data under no-tillage and no-tillage with straw mulching from 2013 to 2018. Combined with historical data from 1970 to 2022 to drive the calibrated model, yields were simulated under 5×5×5 combinations of precipitation changes (±20%, ±10% and 0%), nitrogen application rates (0.0, 52.5, 105.0, 157.5, and 210.0 kg/ha), and straw mulching rates (0, 1125, 2250, 3375, and 4500 kg/ha). The coefficient of variation of yield under single-factor was analyzed for each year type, and quadratic orthogonal polynomial stepwise regression, single-factor analysis, and interaction effects were employed to study the impacts of various factors on yield. The results showed that the APSIM model performed well, with R² > 0.8, NRMSE < 10%, and M_E > 0.8 for both tillage practices. In dry, normal, and wet years, the individual and interactive effects of the three factors all positively influenced yield, with the order of effect intensity being: precipitation change > nitrogen application rate > straw mulching rate. Based on the natural precipitation of the current year, the optimal yields and cultivation measures for each year type were as follows: in dry years, an optimal yield of 2203.65 kg/ha was achieved by increasing precipitation by 20%, applying 153.13 kg/ha of nitrogen, and mulching with 4500 kg/ha of straw; in normal years, an optimal yield of 2838.77 kg/ha required a 20% increase in precipitation, 170.76 kg/ha of nitrogen, and 4500 kg/ha of straw mulching; in wet years, an optimal yield of 3447.11 kg/ha required a 20% increase in precipitation, 188.58 kg/ha of nitrogen, and 4500 kg/ha of straw mulching. In conclusion, within the simulated experimental range, increasing precipitation, nitrogen application rate, and straw mulching amount under no-tillage conditions can enhance the simulated yield of spring wheat, but the degree of impact varies with precipitation year types. For local spring wheat, water, fertilizer, and mulching strategies should be formulated according to the specific year type to achieve high and stable yields.

In order to precisely formulate weed control strategies for soybean field under maize-soybean and wheat-soybean rotation modes, the species and quantities of weeds were investigated in these two rotation modes. The results showed that during the two-year experiment, the weed occurrence in the maize-soybean rotation mode was 1.89 and 1.49 times higher than that in the wheat-soybean rotation mode, respectively. In the maize-soybean rotation mode, a total of 11 weed species were consistently observed over the two years, including two gramineous weeds and nine broadleaf weeds. The dominant weed species were the gramineous Echinochloa crusgalli and the broadleaf Chenopodium album and Abutilon theophrasti. The subdominant species were the gramineous Eriochloa villosa and the broadleaf Amaranthus retroflexus and Solanum nigrum. For the wheat-soybean rotation mode, eight weed species were commonly observed over the two years, including two gramineous weeds and six broadleaf weeds. The dominant species included the gramineous E.crusgalli and the broadleaf C.album and A.theophrasti, while the subdominant species was the broadleaf Solanum nigrum. The maize-soybean rotation mode exhibited two weed occurrence peaks: one from late May to mid-June, and another from late June to early July, with the weed occurrence during the first peak period being greater than that during the second. Conversely, the wheat-soybean rotation mode showed only one weed occurrence peak, primarily concentrated in early to mid-June.

In order to screen the suitable mowing period with high forage yield, good quality and good silage fermentation quality of triticale in Northern Henan. Triticale varieties ʻYounengʼ and ʻLeishenʼ were used as experimental materials, and four mowing periods were set up to determine the dry matter yield, nutritional quality and silage fermentation quality. The results showed that from the heading stage to the milk stage, the dry matter yield of triticale gradually increased, with Youneng and Leishen reaching the highest of 15.64 and 16.67 t/ha, respectively. The whole plant moisture content, crude protein and crude ash contents all decreased with the delay of mowing period, the neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents increased first and then decreased, and the principal component analysis of nutritional indicators indicated that the nutritional quality score peaked at the heading stage. The pH of silage was 4.05-4.50, the lactic acid content was 2.11%-4.00%, with no detection of butyric acid. Youneng and Leishen had better fermentation quality when mowed from flowering to filling stage, from heading to filling stage, respectively. In summary, Youneng and Leishen are suitable for mowing at the flowering and heading stages, respectively. At these stages, both varieties achieve high dry matter yields along with excellent nutritional and silage fermentation quality.

Water is a key factor influencing the growth and development of rice. Exploring mechanisms for efficient water utilization is vital for rice production. During the process of plant growth and development, the root system secretes various compounds into the surrounding environment, known as root exudates. These substances regulate plant growth and development by triggering rhizosphere effects and constitute an indispensable part of plant growth process. This paper systematically reviews the types, biosynthetic pathways of root exudates, and their physiological response mechanisms under drought stress. By providing an in-depth analysis of the function mechanisms of rice root exudates in water regulation, this review identifies existing problems in current research and proposes suggestions for future research directions.