Peanut oil content is a complex trait, which is easily affected by environmental conditions. It is critically important to detect oil content of peanut kernels in peanut breeding. A total of 150 lines of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from the cross between Yuhua 18 (high oil) and AT215 (low oil) were selected as materials, the spectral data of single-kernel was collected by Antaris II near infrared spectrometer, and the oil content was determined. A near-infrared (NIR) detection model on oil content for single-kernel oil content was established by partial least squares (PLS). The Root-Mean-Squares Error of Cross-Validation was 1.04 and the correlation coefficient (R²) was 0.9589. Twenty-four peanut samples with obvious difference in oil content were selected for external validation, and the R² was 0.9730. Another F₂ population from the cross between Yuhua 14 (high oil) and Huayu 20 (low oil) was used as the test population, whose oil content was determined by this model and the present single-kernel model. The variation range of predicted values from these two models was from -0.52% to 1.92%, showing a narrow variation range. This model is relatively small, and is reliable for oil content confirmation, which can be used for the oil content selection and quality detection of peanut.

To improve the sowing quality of quinoa and increase the field emergence and seedling retention rates, the optimal pelleting coating formula for quinoa was screened. Using Longli 1 and Longli 5 as materials, various pelleting formulas were developed using different filling materials and different addition amounts of binders. The optimal formula was identified by evaluating the pelleting and germination indexes of pelleted quinoa seeds under different formulations. Furthermore, the agronomic and yield traits of quinoa sown with the optimal formula were measured in field trials. The results showed that the optimal formula consisted of 80% talcum powder and 20% bentonite as filling materials, with the addition of 2.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. For this formula, the average germination rate was 91.33%, the average germination potential was 86.00%, and the physicochemical properties of the pelleted seeds were optimal (seed rate 97.33%, single seed rate 95.00%, disintegration rate 93.33%, compressive strength 317.28 g, and 1000-grain weight 14.27 g). Field production trials indicated that this formula had no significant effect on the agronomic traits of quinoa, but it could promote germination and enhance yield. The quinoa seed pelleting formula screened in this study meets all quality indicators and contains green and safe ingredients. It can regularize seed shape, effectively promote seed germination and yield improvement, and provide a theoretical basis for the research and application of quinoa seed pelleting as well as mechanized precision sowing.

To investigate the effects of priming treatments on the germination and physiological characteristics of wheat seeds and to screen the optimal priming method for wheat seeds with low germination ability, Jimai 325 seeds with a germination rate of 32.67% after artificial aging treatment were used as the research object. Nine priming agents from three categories, including PEG 6000, gibberellic acid (GA₃), and Vitamin B₁ (VB₁), were applied at different concentrations for soaking durations of 8 h, 16 h, and 24 h. The study examined the effects of various priming treatments on germination indicators, such as germination potential, germination rate, germination index, electrical conductivity, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT). The results showed that all priming treatments significantly enhanced the germination capacity of aged wheat seeds. The priming agents had significant impacts on germination potential, germination rate, and germination index, with VB₁ and VB₂ showing the best priming effects. As the priming time was extended, the germination potential, germination rate, and germination index of wheat seeds all significantly increased, with the effects of 16 h and 24 h being significantly better than those of 8 h. By measuring the leachate electrical conductivity and the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT for priming combinations that increased the germination rate to over 85%, it was determined that soaking in 0.08% VB₁ for 16 h is the optimal priming method for Jimai 325 wheat seeds with an initial germination rate of 32.67%.

Water is a key factor influencing the growth and development of rice. Exploring mechanisms for efficient water utilization is vital for rice production. During the process of plant growth and development, the root system secretes various compounds into the surrounding environment, known as root exudates. These substances regulate plant growth and development by triggering rhizosphere effects and constitute an indispensable part of plant growth process. This paper systematically reviews the types, biosynthetic pathways of root exudates, and their physiological response mechanisms under drought stress. By providing an in-depth analysis of the function mechanisms of rice root exudates in water regulation, this review identifies existing problems in current research and proposes suggestions for future research directions.

Photo-thermo-sensitive genic male sterile (P/TGMS) lines are precious resources for hybrid rice breeding. Using the newly discovered rice P/TGMS line 19XS as material, its breeding process, agronomic traits, fertility conversion characteristics, hybrid progeny fertility, and genotype were analyzed. The results showed that in Wuhan area (sown in early May), 19XS maintained a stable sterile state for more than 45 days from heading in early August to late September; a small amount of fertility conversion began to occur after October 3. In Hainan area (sown in late November, heading in early March), 19XS generally appeared fertile, exhibiting photo- thermo-sensitive fertility conversion characteristics. Genetic analysis indicated that 19XS is a new recessive genic male sterile line, and its sterility is not interfered with by the genetic background. The hybrid progeny of 19XS and Xiang 78S (19XS/Xiang 78S) exhibited excellent agronomic traits, including compact plant type, large panicles with numerous grains, and high seed setting rate. Gene chip detection results showed that both 19XS and 19XS/Xiang 78S contain the thermo-sensitive male sterile gene TMS5. These findings provide a new material basis for hybrid rice breeding.

To identify the distribution of disease resistance functional genes in Xinjiang spring wheat materials and provide materials for genetic improvement of wheat disease resistance breeding, KASP technology was employed to detect genes associated with resistance to stripe rust, leaf rust, powdery mildew, and Fusarium head blight in 549 Xinjiang spring wheat materials. The results showed that 121 materials carried five stripe rust resistance alleles with relatively high frequencies (QYrqin.nwafu-2AL, Yr29, QYrsn.nwafu-1BL, QYrqin.nwafu- 6BS, Yr78); 352 materials carried two leaf rust resistance alleles with relatively high frequencies (Lr67, Lr46); and 142 materials carried three Fusarium head blight resistance alleles with relatively high frequencies (QFhb.Hbaas-5AS, QFhb.hbaas-5AL, QFhb.caas-5AL). No presence of the five powdery mildew resistance genes (Pm12, Pm21, Pm2a, Pm5e, PmV) was detected in any of the materials. In summary, Xinjiang spring wheat varieties exhibited high frequencies of resistance genes for stripe rust, leaf rust, and Fusarium head blight, but a notable lack of resistance sources for powdery mildew. Therefore, it is crucial to focus on introducing and utilizing new powdery mildew resistant materials to improve the disease resistance breeding capacity of Xinjiang spring wheat.

The resistance of 473 common bean resources to Acanthoscelides obtectus was identified by artificial inoculation method. The results showed that 49.1% of the resources showed varying degrees of resistance, mcluding 15 highly resistant resources, 60 resistant resources and 157 moderately resistant resources. In the highly resistant resources, F1432, F0645, F0675, F0004351 and F0004406 did not show any infected symptoms, manifesting as immunity. Research found that A.obtectus has a certain phototaxis. No significant differences in resistance were found among resources with different grain color, grain size, and seed coat luster. The screening and identification of A.obtectus resistant resources is beneficial for providing excellent resistance resources for subsequent resistance breeding.

Using SSR molecular markers, genetic diversity and population structure analysis were conducted on 104 local tartary buckwheat germplasm resources in China. The results showed that nine pairs of highly polymorphic SSR primers amplified a total of 22 alleles in the 104 tartary buckwheat germplasm resources. The number of alleles amplified per primer pair ranged from two to four, with an average of 2.444 alleles per locus. The average values for effective allele number (N_e), Shannon’s diversity index (I), observed heterozygosity (H_o), and expected heterozygosity (H_e) were 1.820, 0.629, 0.058, and 0.401, respectively. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.0096 to 0.6115, with an average of 0.3312. UPGMA clustering analysis divided the 104 tartary buckwheat germplasm resources into four groups. The tartary buckwheat from Inner Mongolia, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan showed similar distributions, primarily clustered in group III and IV. Materials from other provinces were more evenly distributed, demonstrating rich genetic diversity. Population structure analysis and two-dimensional principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) further confirmed that the grouping results were largely consistent with the cluster analysis. This study further clarified the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among local germplasms of tartary buckwheat, and screened 17 genetically pure germplasm materials. This provides a theoretical basis for the effective utilization of tartary buckwheat germplasm resources and the breeding of new varieties.

To analyze the genetic diversity of rice germplasm resources in the border areas of Yunnan Province and identify SSR markers closely related to major agronomic traits, a total of 376 newly collected rice germplasm resources from Yunnan (China), and its adjacent Myanmar and Laos were used as experimental materials. These resources were divided into three analysis units, and 11 phenotypic traits were investigated. Genetic diversity and association with phenotypic traits were analyzed using 27 pairs of SSR markers. Results showed that a total of 142 allelic variation loci were detected, including 100 rare allelic variation loci and nine peculiar allelic variation loci. Based on the comprehensive evaluation of six genetic diversity parameters, the scoring order of rice germplasm resources from the three analysis units was: Yunnan, China analysis unit > Myanmar analysis unit > Laos analysis unit. Among the 27 pairs of SSR markers, RM214, RM1086, RM5481, RM6089, RM1509, and RM7479 were closely associated with phenotypic traits, could explain more than 10.0% of the variation in panicle length, panicle exsertion, filled grains per panicle, unfilled grains per panicle, grains per panicle, and 1000-grain weight. Principal component analysis of phenotypic traits extracted four principal components with a cumulative contribution rate of 77.218%. A total of 36 excellent germplasm resources (comprehensive score ≥1.000) were selected. Among these, Huake, Nalei 5, and Haonuolang had a score greater than 2.000. They demonstrated potential as parents for multiple-tillering and large-panicle type, large-panicle type, and glutinous type, respectively.

The combining ability and heterosis of sorghum sterile line and restorer line in spring-sown early maturing regions were studied to provide theoretical basis for the parent selection of sorghum hybrid combinations in the future. Using 31 sorghum as parent materials, 206 hybrid combinations were prepared by incomplete diallel cross design, and 13 main traits including plant height, panicle length and combining ability and heterosis of parents and their hybrid F₁ were analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences in various traits between the sterile and restorer lines of sorghum, and the combining ability of different materials was significantly different. Among the 31 materials, Ji 64A, SX44A, Ji 5535A, Ji 5575A, HLS×125×2999, HLS Zao and Ji R4334 had more advantages in plant height, panicle length, grain weight per panicle, yield, penultimate leaf angle, penultimate width, and antepenultimate leaf angle, etc. The general combining ability of other traits was also excellent, so the six materials were ideal parents. There was a large heterosis utilization potential in the hybrid combination, but the mid-parent heterosis was not prominent. Meanwhile, the yield of the hybrid combination was affected by both additive and non-additive effects. To select excellent parents attention should be paid to the comprehensive traits and general combining ability of the parents, as well as the special combining ability and the complementary effect of the parents.