To clarify the physiological mechanism of graphene oxide (GO) acting as a herbicide safener to alleviate the phytotoxicity of nicosulfuron (NIF) on sweet corn, a pair of sweet corn sister lines, HK301 (NIF-tolerant) and HK320 (NIF-sensitive), were used as experimental materials. Using water treatment as a control, the effects of GO-NIF nanocomposite on key enzymes and non-enzymatic substances involved in sugar-starch metabolism in the leaves of sweet corn seedlings were investigated. The results showed that GO-NIF treatment significantly promoted the conversion of sucrose and starch in sweet corn seedlings compared with GO and NIF treatments alone. In HK320, the root to shoot ratio and the contents of sucrose, soluble sugar, and starch under GO-NIF treatment were significantly higher than those under NIF treatment at seven days after treatment, increasing by 30.19%, 71.80%, 79.29%, and 67.87%, respectively. Furthermore, compared with NIF treatment, GO-NIF treatment significantly increased the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, α-amylase, and β-amylase in HK320. A comprehensive evaluation of the effects of different treatments on physiological indicators revealed that HK301 exhibited moderate responses and minimal fluctuations under both NIF and GO-NIF treatments. In contrast, HK320 showed significant physiological regulatory advantages under GO-NIF treatment, particularly manifesting a synergistic enhancement in key enzyme activities of sugar metabolism and the accumulation of saccharides. In conclusion, GO as a safener for NIF can effectively promote the sugar metabolism process as well as the distribution and transport of saccharides in sensitive sweet corn.

Peanut oil content is a complex trait, which is easily affected by environmental conditions. It is critically important to detect oil content of peanut kernels in peanut breeding. A total of 150 lines of recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from the cross between Yuhua 18 (high oil) and AT215 (low oil) were selected as materials, the spectral data of single-kernel was collected by Antaris II near infrared spectrometer, and the oil content was determined. A near-infrared (NIR) detection model on oil content for single-kernel oil content was established by partial least squares (PLS). The Root-Mean-Squares Error of Cross-Validation was 1.04 and the correlation coefficient (R²) was 0.9589. Twenty-four peanut samples with obvious difference in oil content were selected for external validation, and the R² was 0.9730. Another F₂ population from the cross between Yuhua 14 (high oil) and Huayu 20 (low oil) was used as the test population, whose oil content was determined by this model and the present single-kernel model. The variation range of predicted values from these two models was from -0.52% to 1.92%, showing a narrow variation range. This model is relatively small, and is reliable for oil content confirmation, which can be used for the oil content selection and quality detection of peanut.

To explore the impact of soil moisture variation on the relationship between soil organic carbon (SOC) and color characteristic parameters, and to construct quantitative SOC prediction models based on color parameters, soil sample images under different soil moisture content (SMC) conditions were acquired by simulating continuous changes of farmland soil moisture to extract color characteristic parameters. Various mathematical transformation methods were employed to optimize these parameters. Combined with correlation analysis and regression models, the influence of soil moisture on the relationship between color characteristics and SOC was quantified, and SOC quantitative estimation models under different moisture conditions were established. The results indicated that SOC was significantly and negatively correlated with color characteristic parameters in RGB, HSV, and CIELab color spaces, with R, L, and V components showing the highest correlation. Reciprocal and logarithmic transformations enhanced these correlations. Soil moisture affected color component values; as SMC increased, most color parameter values decreased, and their correlation with SOC gradually weakened. Critical moisture contents were identified as SMC=15%. Color parameters such as 1/b*, lnb*, 1/S, and lnS effectively mitigated the impact of moisture on SOC prediction models. Under different moisture conditions, the BP neural network regression model outperformed the linear regression model, demonstrating superior predictive capability. This study demonstrates that the color characteristic parameters of digital images can be effectively utilized for the quantitative analysis of SOC.

The influence of potato transcription factors on anthocyanin accumulation is primarily reflected in their regulation of genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. In this study, the StMYB3 gene was cloned by RT-PCR from three potato cultivars: Shepody (white flesh), Wanziqianhong (light purple flesh), and 2013-89-61 (dark purple flesh). Bioinformatics characterization and differential expression analysis were performed. The results showed that the target fragment of StMYB3 genes was 710 bp in length, encoding a protein with a molecular weight of 20.71 kDa and an isoelectric point of 9.14, which was identified as a hydrophilic protein. StMYB3 genes contains R2R3-MYB domain and bHLH interaction motif but lacks a transmembrane domain. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that StMYB3 genes shares the highest sequence similarity with the ScMYB gene from pepper. Semi-quantitative PCR results showed that the expression level of potato StMYB3 gene in different tissues is: tender leaf > old leaf > stem > tuber > root, and the cultivar 2013-89-61 exhibited consistently high expression across all tissues.

To understand the effects of different fertilization rates and planting densities on yield and economic benefit of Zhuangtang 6, and to determine the optimal fertilization level and planting density, field experiments were carried out in Longʼan cane area of Nanning and Jiangzhou cane area of Chongzuo. A two-factor split-block design was conducted, with the main treatment (A) of fertilization. Three levels of 42% compound fertilizer 3750 (high fertilizer, A1), 2250 (medium fertilizer, A2) and 1125 kg/ha (low fertilizer, A3) were set. For secondary treatment (B), five planting densities were set: low density B1 (60 000 buds/ha), medium- low density B2 (75 000 buds/ha), medium density B3 (90 000 buds/ha), medium-high density B4 (105 000 buds/ha), and high density B5 (120 000 buds/ha). The results showed that the yield of Zhuangtang 6 sugarcane increased with the increasing planting density; however, there was no significant difference between yield and fertilization level. The correlation analysis showed that the yield and tillering rate were negatively correlated in the two cane areas (significantly in Longʼan and extremely significantly in Jiangzhou), and yield was significantly positively correlated with the number of productive stalks. The economic benefit of A3B5 treatment was the highest. The yield of A3B5 treatment in Longʼan area of Nanning was 91.44 t/ha, with an economic benefit of 35 419.5 yuan/ha, which was 6.75% higher than that of A2B4 treatment with the highest yield of 92.32 t/ha. The yield of A3B5 treatment in Jiangzhou area of Chongzuo was 74.88 t/ha, with an economic benefit of 27 190.2 yuan/ha, which was 27.15% higher than that of A1B4 treatment with the highest yield of 77.40 t/ha. Considering the different water and fertilizer conditions and management levels of the two sugarcane areas, the suitable fertilizer application rate for high-yield and high efficiency planting of Zhuangtang 6 is 1125-2250 kg/ha, and the reasonable planting density is 10 500-12 000 buds/ha.

To improve the sowing quality of quinoa and increase the field emergence and seedling retention rates, the optimal pelleting coating formula for quinoa was screened. Using Longli 1 and Longli 5 as materials, various pelleting formulas were developed using different filling materials and different addition amounts of binders. The optimal formula was identified by evaluating the pelleting and germination indexes of pelleted quinoa seeds under different formulations. Furthermore, the agronomic and yield traits of quinoa sown with the optimal formula were measured in field trials. The results showed that the optimal formula consisted of 80% talcum powder and 20% bentonite as filling materials, with the addition of 2.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. For this formula, the average germination rate was 91.33%, the average germination potential was 86.00%, and the physicochemical properties of the pelleted seeds were optimal (seed rate 97.33%, single seed rate 95.00%, disintegration rate 93.33%, compressive strength 317.28 g, and 1000-grain weight 14.27 g). Field production trials indicated that this formula had no significant effect on the agronomic traits of quinoa, but it could promote germination and enhance yield. The quinoa seed pelleting formula screened in this study meets all quality indicators and contains green and safe ingredients. It can regularize seed shape, effectively promote seed germination and yield improvement, and provide a theoretical basis for the research and application of quinoa seed pelleting as well as mechanized precision sowing.

Field sampling of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) was conducted at different growth stages to measure changes in major agronomic traits, dry matter accumulation, and nutrient element content. The results indicated that dry matter accumulation in quinoa followed an S-shaped curve, with a critical period between 60 and 90 days after emergence. There were significant differences in the dry matter allocation ratio and nutrient uptake rates among different parts of quinoa (roots, stems, leaves, panicles) at various growth stages. Notably, the uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) peaked between 60 and 80 days of growth, with K having the highest absorption rate, followed by N, and then P, at a ratio of 4.88:1.00:11.00. The distribution of nutrients in quinoa exhibited dynamic change regularity over time, and nutrients were mainly concentrated in leaves and stems during the early growth stage and shifted more towards the panicles in the later stage. Additionally, the agronomic traits of quinoa were also found to be significantly correlated with dry matter accumulation. Root weight, stem weight and panicle weight were positively correlated with plant height, stem diameter and leaf length.

Using ʻHongnuo 16ʼ sorghum as the experimental material and under equivalent nutrient input conditions, six treatments were established: no fertilization (CK), conventional fertilization (HF), and nitrogen organic fertilizer substitution ratios for nitrogen of 25% (NF25), 50% (NF50), 75% (NF75), and 100% (NF100). The results showed that compared with CK treatment, increasing the ratio of organic fertilizer substitution led to varying degrees of improvement in soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium contents. The activities of alkaline phosphatase, urease, and sucrase in soils treated with organic manure substitutions were significantly increased by an average of 40.8%, 13.6%, and 61.6%, respectively. Sorghum yield could be well fitted with a quadratic equation, with the highest yield obtained when applying cow manure at a nitrogen rate of 92.5 kg/ha theoretically. In this experiment, the treatment NF50 not only improved soil physicochemical properties and enhanced soil enzyme activity but also maintained sorghum at high productivity. Considering the responses in terms of sorghum yield and soil fertility as well as soil enzyme activity under different levels of organic manure substitution, it was suggested that an organic nitrogen substitution ratio of 50% was suitable for optimal application rates.

To clarify the regulatory effects of a polyaspartic acid (PASP) combined with chitosan (CTS) on soil moisture content, tobacco plant and root growth and development, and tobacco leaf quality in the arid tobacco area of Bijie, field experiments were conducted using Yunyan 87. Different concentrations of PASP and CTS (CK: same amount of water; T1: 3.0 kg/ha PASP+0.3 kg/ha CTS; T2: 3.0 kg/ha PASP+0.6 kg/ha CTS; T3: 6.0 kg/ha PASP+0.3 kg/ha CTS; T4: 6.0 kg/ha PASP+0.6 kg/ha CTS) were applied. Soil and root indexes, growth and development parameters and quality indexes of flue-cured tobacco leaves were measured at different growth stages. The results showed that compared with other treatments, T3 treatment significantly increased soil moisture content. At the rosette stage, the moisture content of the shallow soil layer increased by 15.01% and that of deep soil layer increased by 10.16% compared with CK. T4 treatment significantly increased the number of lateral roots and adventitious roots, as well as root volume and root activity, by 34.07%, 29.12%, 25.70% and 29.56% respectively compared with the CK. The combined application of PASP and CTS significantly promoted growth, development, and dry matter accumulation of flue-cured tobacco, with higher concentrations leading to more obvious effects. Compared with CK, the leaf area and stem circumference of T4 treatment increased by 18.3% and 12.3% respectively, and the dry matter accumulation increased by 26.04%. The chemical composition, sensory and appearance quality of tobacco leaves were improved to varying degrees. The improvement effect of T2 treatment was the most significant, with increases of 10.36%, 7.76% and 7.30% respectively, compared with the CK. The quality evaluation of tobacco leaves was 7.57% higher than that of CK. The combined application of PASP and CTS can effectively increase the soil moisture content, promote the root development of flue-cured tobacco, and improve leaf quality. The optimal treatment (3.0 kg/ha PASP+0.6 kg/ha CTS) alleviated the decline in yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco caused by drought in Bijie.

To understand the quality and breeding strategies of nationally approved strong and medium-strong gluten wheat varieties in the Huang-Huai Wheat Region in recent years (2020-2024), cluster analysis based on the coefficient of parentage was performed, combined with a comprehensive analysis of pedigree information and quality traits. The results showed that the number of approved strong and medium-strong gluten wheat varieties in the Huang-Huai Wheat Region showed a yearly increasing trend from 2020 to 2024. The breeding capabilities of companies and research institutes were comparable, with their developed varieties accounting for 43.3% and 45.0% of the total number of varieties, respectively. The overall coefficient of parentage among varieties was low, with an average of 0.0640; however, parental utilization was relatively concentrated, with varieties primarily derived from ten core strong-gluten parents. Different parents exhibited varying focuses on the improvement of quality indicators. The breeding of strong-gluten wheat varieties mainly adopted the single-cross design of “high-quality variety/high-quality variety”. Breeding of strong-gluten wheat should emphasize the utilization of exotic high-quality varieties and wild relatives of wheat to create elite germplasm in the future. In the short term, newly developed elite strong-gluten germplasms such as Zhongmai 578 and Jimai 44 should be more extensively utilized to broaden the genetic base.