The evolution of insecticide resistance in pests has become a critical challenge restricting the sustainable development of global agriculture. Compared with target-site resistance and metabolic resistance, cuticular penetration resistance is an early-stage resistance strategy adopted by insects to defend against insecticides with contact action. It primarily reduces the efficiency of insecticide penetration through the insect’s outer barrier and its delivery to the target site. On one hand, it decreases the amount of insecticide that penetrates; on the other hand, it prolongs the detoxification time of the insecticide within the body, thereby enhancing the resistance effect. This mechanism often synergizes with other resistance mechanisms. This systematic review summarizes the latest research progress on the cuticle-mediated mechanisms of insecticide resistance in pests. It focuses on the molecular basis underlying the formation of cuticular penetration resistance, the key regulatory networks, and its evolutionary characteristics. Future perspectives are also discussed, aiming to provide new insights for pest resistance management strategies.

To identify effective fungicides for the control of gray mold in quinoa Chenopodium quinoa, the inhibitory effects and in vitro toxicity of 12 fungicides against pathogen Botrytis cinerea were determined. Two fungicides with different modes of action were selected for combination, and the optimal volume ratio and formulation of the combined fungicides were determined. The efficacy of the combined fungicides against gray mold in quinoa was comprehensively evaluated through in vitro leaf tests, in vitro pot experiments and field trials. The results showed that pydiflumetofen, azoxystrobin, tebuconazole and pyraclostrobin had significant in vitro toxicity against B.cinerea, with EC₅₀ values of 0.49, 0.39, 0.09 and 0.03 μg/mL, respectively. When the volume ratio of pydiflumetofen to tebuconazole was 4∶6 and 5∶5, it showed a synergistic effect, with toxicity ratios of 1.49 and 1.37, respectively. When the mass ratio of pydiflumetofen and tebuconazole was 9∶2, the synergistic effect was optimal, and the synergistic coefficient was 2.85. After treatment with high and medium concentrations of the combined fungicides, the protective and treatment effect on in vitro leaves were 94.97%-97.18%, and the protective and treatment effect of indoor pot experiments were 71.45%-82.01%. The field control effects of the high and medium concentrations of the compound fungicides were 87.77% and 79.91%, respectively, which were higher than other treatments, and could significantly increase the yield of quinoa. It was indicated that the field recommended concentration of 200 g/L pydiflumetofen suspension concentrate (SC) and 430 g/L tebuconazole SC at a mass ratio of 9∶2 (200 μg/mL pydiflumetofen + 44.4 μg/mL tebuconazole and 160 μg/mL pydiflumetofen + 35.6 μg/mL tebuconazole) could not only effectively control gray mold in quinoa, but also significantly increase quinoa yield.

To clarify the relationship between transgenic Cry rice and resistance to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens, proteins with insecticidal activity against N. lugens were screened using an artificial diet supplemented with proteins, and their toxicity was determined. Transgenic rice containing the corresponding insecticidal proteins was then used to feed N. lugens to verify its insecticidal activity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to measure the concentrations of Cry proteins in stems of transgenic rice, in diets supplemented with different Cry proteins, and in N. lugens after feeding on these stems and diets. The results showed that feeding on artificial diets containing Cry2A, Cry1Ah, Cry1F, and Cry1Ba significantly reduced the survival rate of N. lugens. The LC₅₀ values of Cry1Ah, Cry1F, and Cry1Ba against N. lugens were 95.41, 13.89, and 559.7 mg/L, respectively. Feeding on transgenic rice KF6 (containing Cry1Ac and CpTi genes), TT51-1 (containing Cry1Ac/Cry1Ab genes), and ZLSAH10 (containing Cry1Ah gene) had no significant effect on survival rate, but the body weight of female adults fed on TT51-1 was significantly reduced compared to the control. Cry proteins were be detectable in N. lugens after one day of feeding on an artificial diet containing 100 mg/L Cry protein, and their accumulation increased with increasing feeding concentration and duration. The Cry protein concentrations in stems of transgenic rice TT51-1 and ZLSAH10 did not differ significantly among the three growth stages, while those in KF6 differed significantly among stages. After feeding on transgenic Cry rice at different growth periods for 15 d, Cry proteins were detectable in N. lugens, accounting for approximately 0.1% of those in rice stems, but the variation trend of Cry protein concentration in N. lugens was not consistent with that in rice stems.

To evaluate the synergistic effects of organosilicon adjuvants on insecticides and improve the field control efficacy against the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii, the interfacial properties of Silwet819, Silwet806, Silwet820 and Silwet710 were determined. Their toxicities to cotton aphids and their synergistic ratios with sulfoxaflor and flonicamid were determined to identify the most effective adjuvants. Field trials were further conducted to evaluate their effects on reducing the application rate of flonicamid while maintaining efficacy. The results showed that among the four adjuvants, Silwet806 exhibited the strongest ability to reduce surface tension and increase maximum retention on leaf surfaces, while Silwet819 showed the greatest reduction in contact angle of leaves. All four adjuvants displayed certain insecticidal activity against cotton aphids and exhibited synergistic effects with both sulfoxaflor and flonicamid, with synergistic effects positively correlated with adjuvant concentration. At 0.05%, the synergistic ratios of Silwet819 and Silwet806 with sulfoxaflor were 5.12 and 6.71, respectively, and their synergistic ratios with flonicamid reached 12.80 and 6.40, respectively. Silwet806 and Silwet819 were identified as the most effective adjuvants, significantly enhancing the rapid efficacy of flonicamid against cotton aphids. When the application rate of flonicamid was reduced by 20% or 50%, the addition of 0.02% Silwet806 or Silwet819 achieved control efficacy comparable to the conventional dosage, while 0.05% addition resulted in higher control efficacy than the conventional treatment. These results indicate that Silwet806 and Silwet819 are optimal synergists for sulfoxaflor and flonicamid by modifying the physicochemical properties of spray solutions and reducing pesticide loss. In field control of cotton aphids, the addition of 0.02%-0.05% Silwet806 or Silwet819 can reduce flonicamid usage by 20%-50%.

To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which Streptomyces zaomyceticus XFS-4 induces soybean resistance to the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, soybean variety Heihe 43 was used as the experimental material. Seeds were treated with XFS-4 fermentation broth and inoculated with H. glycines, and RNA-seq was performed to analyze transcriptional changes. The results showed that HiSeq^TM 2500 sequencing of soybean root samples from four treatment groups yielded a total of 78.66 Gb of clean data, from which 1 633 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. GO enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs in the XFS-4 treatment group were specifically enriched in pathways related to the regulation of nitrogen compound metabolism, regulation of macromolecule metabolism, and oxidoreductase activity. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that DEGs in the XFS-4 treatment group and the control group were mapped to 95 and 102 metabolic pathways, respectively. Notably, DEGs in the treatment group were significantly enriched in pathways related to starch and sucrose metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction, and biosynthesis of cofactors. These findings suggest that S. zaomyceticus XFS-4 may induce soybean resistance to H. glycines by regulating these specific metabolic pathways and biological processes.

To clarify the types, distribution, and morphological characteristics of peripheral sensilla in female oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis, scanning electron microscopy was used to examine sensilla on the antennae (funiculus), maxillary palps, proboscis, legs, wings, and ovipositor. The results revealed that five types of sensilla were mainly distributed across six organs: microtrichia, sensilla trichoid, sensilla basiconica, sensilla coeloconica, and sensilla chaetica. Microtrichia were distributed on the antennae, maxillary palps, proboscis, legs, and wings. Notably, three subtypes (I-III) were observed on the legs, and those on the wings were longer than those on the antennae, maxillary palps, and proboscis. Sensilla trichoid were distributed on the antennae, proboscis, and ovipositor, with distinct morphological differences between those on the antennae and those on the other two organs. Sensilla basiconica were found on the antennae, maxillary palps, and proboscis. Two subtypes (I and II) were present on the antennae and three subtypes (I-III) on the proboscis. Pores were observed on the surface of sensilla basiconica on the antennae and maxillary palps, but not on the proboscis. Sensilla coeloconica were located on the antennae and ovipositor, with two subtypes (I and II) on the ovipositor, among which subtype I exhibited a symmetrical distribution. Sensilla chaetica were distributed on the maxillary palps, proboscis, legs, wings, and ovipositor, displaying similar morphology across organs, with three subtypes (I-III) identified on the legs. These results indicate that sensilla on different external organs of B. dorsalis differ in their distribution, type, and morphology, suggesting that these sensilla may perform distinct biological functions.

To identify an environmentally friendly and efficient method for controlling Chinese bean weeril Callosobruchus chinensis, a sealed fumigation method was used to evaluate the fumigation effects of four plant volatiles (trans-anethole, citral, 4-allylanisole, and eugenol) on adult C. chinensis. The plant volatile with the best fumigation effect was selected and combined with diatomaceous earth to determine its laboratory toxicity, control efficacy, and effects on multiple enzyme activities in C. chinensis. The results showed that among the four plant volatiles, trans-anethole exhibited the strongest fumigation effect. At a concentration of 5 μL/L, trans-anethole achieved a corrected mortality rate of 100.00% against for adult C. chinensis after 48 hours of treatment. The combination of trans-anethole and diatomaceous earth demonstrated a significant synergistic effect, with an LC₅₀ of 3.040 μL/L against adult C. chinensis, compared to 6.979 μL/L for trans-anethole alone. Diatomaceous earth alone had no effect on the activities of catalase, acetylcholinesterase, succinate dehydrogenase, peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase in C. chinensis. These findings indicate that the combination of trans-anethole and diatomaceous earth can be used for the green control of C. chinensis.

To clarify the adaptability of bacterial pathogen Pectobacterium parvum to its vector insect Drosophila melanogaster, flies were recolonized with P. parvum via artificial feeding, and the colonization and survival capabilities of P. parvum and its closely related species in D. melanogaster were compared using quantitative real-time PCR. The results showed that within seven days after feeding D. melanogaster with bacteria-containing glucose solution, the colonization capability of P. parvum in D. melanogaster was comparable to that of P. brasiliense, with a relative bacterial load reaching 8.00, and evidently higher than those of P. parmentieri, P. polaris and P. polonicum. Additionally, P. parvum could achieve efficient vertical transmission via D. melanogaster eggs, with a transmission efficiency significantly higher than that of other closely related species. The relative bacterial load in second-generation larvae reached 8.44, far higher than that of other Pectobacterium species. Furthermore, P. parvum significantly suppressed the expression of key genes in the host Imd immune pathway, including PGRP-LE and Relish, whereas P. polaris significantly induced the expression of these immune genes. These results indicate that P. parvum exhibits significantly stronger adaptation to D. melanogaster than its closely related species, which is closely associated with its strong in vivo colonization capacity, efficient egg-mediated vertical transmission, and significant suppression of key genes in the host Imd immune pathway.

To clarify the species composition and community characteristics of weeds in soybean fields across Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, a comprehensive and systematic investigation was conducted on weed species and community structure at 32 sampling sites in major soybean producing regions of Inner Mongolia, and the community diversity and similarity were also analyzed. The results showed that a total of 63 weed species belonging to 57 genera in 21 families were found in the major soybean producing regions of Inner Mongolia. The 21 families include Asteraceae family (nine genera and 14 species), Poaceae (11 genera and 11 species), Fabaceae (six genera and six species), and Polygonaceae (five genera and five species), Rosaceae (three genera and four species), Amaranthaceae (three genera and three species), Convolvulaceae (three genera and three species), Malvaceae (three genera and three species), Lamiaceae (two genera and two species), and the remaining 12 families including Plantaginaceae, Solanaceae, and Equisetaceae (each represented by one genus and one species). Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album and Echinochloa crus-galli showed relatively high abundance, making them the dominant weeds in the major soybean producing regions of Inner Mongolia. The Oroqen Autonomous Banner of Hulunbuir City exhibited the highest weed species richness, Simpson dominance, and Shannon-Wiener diversity indices, with values of 44, 0.918, and 3.030, respectively. The Songshan District of Chifeng City exhibited the highest Pielou evenness index of weed communities, at 0.846. The weed communities in the seven major soybean producing regions of Inner Mongolia could be classified into six groups. Among them, the weed community structures in Songshan District of Chifeng City and Horqin District of Tongliao City were clustered into one group with the highest similarity, while the weed community structures of remaining five major soybean producing regions each formed an independent group.

To clarify the migration pathways of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda in eastern China and the mechanisms by which Typhoon Hagupit influenced its migration patterns, the developmental stages of the typhoon were categorized based on the position of its center into the pre-typhoon stage and the typhoon stage. The latter included four periods: pre-landfall, landfall, post-departure with the center located west of 135° E, and post-departure with the center located east of 135° E. Based on adult population monitoring data of S. frugiperda and meteorological data in eastern China before and after the typhoon, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale numerical simulations, Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) backward trajectory analysis, and statistical analyses were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms by which the typhoon affected the migratory pathways of S. frugiperda. The results showed that Typhoon Hagupit significantly influenced the hourly migration distance and direction of S. frugiperda. Compared to the pre-typhoon period, the strong southerly winds generated by the typhoon drove the moths to form a south-to-north migratory pathway across eastern China, increased migration speed, and shifted the migration direction from west-northwest to north. When the typhoon center was located over inland East China, the overall migration speed of S. frugiperda reached its maximum, with a peak of 22.93 m/s, and the highest directional concentration of 0.84 was observed. These results indicate that typhoons can promote long-distance migration of S. frugiperda in eastern China. Therefore, population monitoring and early warning during typhoon events should be strengthened, and a regional integrated pest management system should be established.