Currently, the treatment methods for colorectal cancer include surgical resection and chemotherapy. However, the subsequent quality of life of patients cannot be improved due to the multiple surgical complications and drug resistance in the later stage of chemotherapy.

To review the mechanism of action, latest progress and existing problems of exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of colorectal cancer.

PubMed, CNKI and WanFang databases were searched for relevant literature using the search terms of “mesenchymal stem cells exosomes, colorectal cancer, chemotherapy, treatment” in Chinese and English, respectively. Finally, 96 articles were included for analysis.

(1) Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes play different roles in the treatment of colorectal cancer mainly through the microRNAs and long-chain non-coding RNAs carried by themselves to mediate different signaling pathways. (2) Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are highly stable and biocompatible, which makes them excellent carriers of therapeutic drugs. (3) Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have different effects on resistance to different types of chemotherapeutic agents.

Numerous studies have indicated that pyroptosis plays a key role in the progression of cancer. In recent years, research has shown that pyroptosis is inextricably linked to the occurrence, development, and treatment of breast cancer. The development of effective pyroptosis-based therapeutic strategies has become a hot topic in the field of breast cancer treatment.

To comprehensively analyze the mechanisms of pyroptosis, explore the role of pyroptosis in the anti-tumor effects in breast cancer, and its potential application value in clinical treatment.

Using English search terms “pyroptosis, breast cancer, inflammasome, gasdermin, caspase, drug resistance, treatment”, PubMed database was searched for articles published from inception to August 2024. Through the preliminary screening of reading titles and abstracts, literature with poor relevance to the research content, outdated information, repeated views, and lack of authority was excluded. Finally, 121 articles were included for review.

Pyroptosis is a special form of programmed cell death that is carried out by the activation of the gasdermin family of proteins, showing potential application value in the treatment of breast cancer. Long-term or improper treatment can lead to drug resistance in cancer cells; research on the mechanism of pyroptosis helps to overcome resistance deficiencies. Pyroptosis can trigger immunogenic cell death, promoting the release of tumor-specific antigens, thereby activating the immune system and enhancing its ability to recognize and clear tumor cells. The expression levels of pyroptosis-related genes can serve as prognostic indicators for breast cancer, helping to assess patients’ treatment responses and survival periods. Research on the mechanisms of pyroptosis can provide new strategies for the treatment of breast cancer, such as targeted drugs and therapeutic methods that induce pyroptosis, contributing to the realization of personalized treatment plans for breast cancer.

Remyelination in the central nervous system is a basic repair process triggered by demyelinating events, mainly through the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells into oligodendrocytes. The process of remyelination is affected by many factors such as astrocytes, myelin debris, microglia, macrophages, endothelial cells, pericytes, T cells, and age.

Astrocytes play an important role in regulating synaptic activity, nutritional support, and tissue repair in the central nervous system. This review aims to provide potential therapeutic targets for demyelinating diseases of central nervous system by reviewing the role of astrocytes in remyelination.

A search was conducted on relevant literature collected from CNKI, PubMed, and Web of Science from 2014 to 2024. The search terms were “astrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells, remyelination” in both Chinese and English. Finally, 66 articles were included after screening and summarized.

(1) The treatment of demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, is limited to disease-modifying therapies, and there is no available method to overcome the failure of remyelination. Therefore, it is necessary to explore targets related to remyelination to promote myelin repair. (2) Remyelination is a process in which oligodendrocyte precursor cells proliferate, migrate, differentiate, and mature into oligodendrocytes, and the latter produce myelin to wrap axons to form myelin sheath. (3) Astrocytes regulate remyelination by phagocytosis of myelin debris, participating in inflammatory response, transforming into oligodendrocyte lineage cells, providing energy supply for oligodendrocyte lineage cells, releasing neurotrophic factors, and secreting extracellular matrix components. (4) The drugs screened in this paper use astrocytes and their derived factors as intervention targets to regulate the remyelination. Some drugs have satisfactory effects, but their effectiveness and safety still need more basic research and clinical trials to verify. (5) The mechanism of action of astrocytes in remyelination has not been fully elucidated, and the related molecular targets and signaling pathways can be further studied.

Premature ovarian failure has manifested a trend of younger, and stem cell therapy has been progressively implemented in clinical practice in recent years. Nevertheless, given the extensive range of sources and variegated existence of stem cells in diverse tissues, certain disparities prevail in their biological characteristics and functions. In this paper, the therapeutic efficacies of dissimilar sources of mesenchymal stem cells on animal models of premature ovarian failure were contrasted, with the aim of providing a basis for the clinical application of stem cells.

The animal model experiments of mesenchymal stem cell therapy for premature ovarian failure were retrieved from PubMed, The Cochrane Library, and EMbase, as well as Chinese databases such as CNKI, WanFang, VIP, and China Biomedical Literature Service. The search period extended from the inception to December 31, 2023. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted and analyzed the data. The quality of the included studies was evaluated by means of the SYRCLE animal experiment bias risk assessment table. Main outcome measures: Follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, luteinizing hormone, the quantity of follicles at all levels. Secondary outcome measure: Pregnancy rate. Network meta-analysis, mapping, and tabulation were executed using Stata 17.0 software after assessing the risk of bias in the included studies.

Totally 24 animal experiment studies were incorporated, and the overall quality of the literature was mediocre, encompassing 7 distinct sources of mesenchymal stem cells. They were umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells, menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells, human cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and amnio-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The network meta-analysis demonstrated that (1) in contrast to the blank group, mesenchymal stem cells from various sources were effective in enhancing the pregnancy rate and estradiol, reducing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, augmenting the number of follicles at all levels, and diminishing the number of atretic follicles. (2) According to the area map under the cumulative sequencing curve, the three stem cells with the most prominent efficacy in improving estradiol levels were umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (72.7%) > adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (72.6%) > menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (71.7%). (3) The three kinds of stem cells with the highest efficacy in reducing follicle-stimulating hormone levels were the adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (96.3%) > human cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (65.4%) > umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (63.9%). (4) The three kinds of stem cells with the highest efficacy in reducing luteinizing hormone levels were adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (100.0%) > umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (51.6%) > human cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (46.8%). (5) The top three kinds of stem cells for increasing the number of primordial follicles were human cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (76.3%) > umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (75.5%) > menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (57.5%). (6) The top three kinds of stem cells for increasing the number of primary follicles were umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (75.3%) > adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (53.0%) > the placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (51.7%). (7) The top three kinds of stem cells for increasing the number of secondary follicles were adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (76.1%) > menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (66.8%) > umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (66.5%). (8) The top three kinds of stem cells in reducing the number of atretic follicles were adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (99.9%) > bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (68.1%) > umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (53.4%).

(1) For animal models of premature ovarian failure, the results of the network meta-analysis disclosed that various stem cell transplantation treatments were preponderant over the blank or placebo group to varying extents, and the efficacies were comparable. (2) The results indicated that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells were the most frequently utilized and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were the most potent. More high-quality experimental study data are requisite in the future for further validation.

Accurate early diagnosis and timely reperfusion therapy are important prerequisites for saving the lives and improving the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Therefore, it is important to find ideal biomarkers for early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.

To analyze key genes associated with neutrophils by acute myocardial infarction through bioinformatics and machine learning to explore new biomarkers.

Differentially expressed genes were identified based on the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and Limma R package. Deconvolution algorithm was used to explore the immune cells infiltration level. Then, acute myocardial infarction and neutrophils-related biomarkers were screened by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, machine learning, and functional enrichment analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was conducted to assess the diagnostic efficacy of biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction. Targeted drugs for biomarkers were screened through the STITCH and Herb database. Finally, the hospitalized patients who were first diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction in the Department of Cardiology of Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from March to June 2023 were used as the experimental group, and the hospitalized patients who had no ischemic changes on electrocardiograms and no stenosis on coronary angiograms during the same period were used as the control group. Peripheral blood of the patients in the two groups was collected. The relative expressions of the genes were verified in the human peripheral blood samples by RT-qPCR.

(1) A total of 2 349 differentially expressed genes were obtained, and immune infiltration analysis revealed differences in immune cell scores such as B cells memory, NK cells resting, and Neutrophils between the disease and normal groups. (2) Using WGCNA, two gene modules, ME green and ME turquoise, were found to exhibit the highest correlation with neutrophil fine with acute myocardial infarction. (3) Twenty-four differential module genes were obtained after intersecting with differentially expressed genes. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that they were associated with a variety of processes such as innate immune response and defense response to bacteria. KEGG results showed that they were mainly associated with the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway. (4) The genes mined by the machine learning algorithm took the intersection to obtain three genes, namely, S100A12, PTCH1, and LOC400499, all of which were greater than 0.7 by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in both the GSE48060 and GSE66360 datasets. They were considered as potential biomarkers. (5) Based on the STITCH and Herb databases, 11 target drugs were found for S100A12 and a total of 6 target drugs were found for PTCH1. (6) RT-qPCR results showed that S100A12, PTCH1, and LOC400499 were significantly differentially expressed in acute myocardial infarction patients compared with controls (P < 0.05). (7) S100A12, PTCH1, and LOC400499 may be potential diagnostic biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction, but their specificity in relation to acute myocardial infarction needs to be further investigated, in which S100A12 may be a potential target for regulating acute myocardial infarction.