Currently, there is still no unified evaluation standard system for intelligent collision avoidance algorithms for vessels, either domestically or internationally. The development of an intelligent collision avoidance algorithm evaluation method that combines subjective and objective criteria is therefore of great significance for the realization of intelligent collision avoidance for vessels. This paper proposes a comprehensive evaluation method for the collision avoidance capability of two vessels in open water. Firstly, an algorithm evaluation system based on three core indexes of safety, compliance and economy is constructed using the reasonable quantification of the "International Regulations for Collision Avoidance at Sea" and experts' experience. Secondly, the weights of the indexes are determined using the hierarchical analysis method and the expert estimation method based on the results of the questionnaires collected, and an appropriate subordination function is established by choosing a suitable evaluation model and developing a fuzzy evaluation model for the intelligent collision avoidance algorithm. Secondly, an evaluation model and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation system for the intelligent collision avoidance algorithm are developed. Finally, the constructed evaluation system is used to evaluate typical scenarios. The evaluation system is then used to evaluate typical scenarios. The test results demonstrate that the evaluation is fair and impartial, objectively reflecting the algorithm's strengths and weaknesses, and providing direction for improvement based on the scoring results.

The manoeuvrability of large ships is generally undesirable at their design speed, resulting in continuous risks to ship navigation safety. Meanwhile, the development of intelligent and unmanned ship design and construction brings stricter technical requirements for the safe realisation of autonomous ship navigation due to the inherent weakness in the manoeuvrability of large ships. To improve the braking performance of existing ships, the study proposes the installation of a pair of spoiler fins, the braking performance of which is investigated using real-scale CFD flow resistance analyses. Furthermore, the braking effects are simulated. The study shows that equipping large ships with properly designed spoiler fins can significantly improve their deceleration and steering performance, thereby promoting higher ship manoeuvrability and navigation safety.

In order to improve the frequency stability of the ship shore power system, an improved Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) control strategy is proposed. Firstly, the effects of inertia and damping on frequency are analyzed through the small-signal model of the active power of VSG. Then, based on the transient processes of active power and angular frequency, the requirements for inertia and damping in different stages of the system's non-steady state are enumerated. This analysis is used to design a control method that enables inertia and damping to be adjusted adaptively with load changes, thereby effectively suppressing the fluctuation of shore power frequency. Simulation experiments show that, compared with the traditional VSG control with constant inertia and damping, the adaptive VSG control exhibits smaller overshoot, shorter adjustment time, and better adjustment accuracy for shore power frequency regulation. This approach effectively improves the system's frequency modulation (FM) characteristics and enhances the smoothness of active power transfer from shore power to ship power.

With the increasing proportion of inland LNG fuel in the energy structure under China's "dual-carbon strategy", the consequences of LNG leakage on water surfaces have become a primary risk factor in its promotion and operational processes. While some studies have verified the validity of LNG ground leakage models, the heat exchange process between water surfaces and LNG is far more intense than on land, and its impact on leakage consequences cannot be overlooked. Based on existing research, this paper proposes a heat transfer simulation method for LNG leakage on water surfaces, integrating a multiphase flow model, turbulent diffusion model, and combustion model. Using data from large-scale LNG water leakage tests (Falcon-1 and Phoenix-1), statistical parameters such as FB, MG, VG, MRSE, NMSE, and FAC2 are employed as quantitative evaluation metrics to assess LNG leakage behavior and its effects. The results demonstrate that when simulating LNG waterborne leakage, diffusion, and combustion using this method, the quantitative evaluation indices meet the model validity criteria. This confirms that the model can effectively predict the consequences of LNG waterborne leakage, providing critical insights for policymaking related to inland waterway LNG operations and fuel safety. Thus, the model can serve as a reliable tool for future LNG waterborne leakage simulations.

"The road to water" is one of the emission reduction pathways for inland transportation. The low carbon emission reduction of the inland waterway shipping industry has received widespread attention. The carbon emission intensity index is the core issue in the process of greening the inland waterway shipping industry. Developing a prediction model for the carbon emission intensity of inland vessels is the basis for formulating new energy policies for inland shipping. This paper discusses the green transformation of the inland waterway shipping industry, drawing on cutting-edge domestic and international research. First, it analyses the factors influencing inland waterway shipping carbon emissions and their interrelationships. Based on this analysis, a system dynamics model was used to construct a prediction method for carbon emission intensity. This method was then used to analyse the changing trend of carbon emission intensity for container vessels, using the Yangtze River as a case study under various scenarios. The results show that: i. The system dynamics model for predicting carbon emission intensity in inland river operations is valid and reflects the real system more accurately. ii. Under the vessel energy efficiency improvement scenario, the carbon emission intensity decreases to 94.04% and 64.40% in 2030 and 2060 respectively, compared with the baseline scenario. iii. The carbon emission intensity in 2030 and 2060 decreases to 87.47% and 29.35% of the baseline scenario for the same year respectively when multiple measures are implemented to improve ship energy efficiency, optimise energy structure, accelerate the elimination of vessels, and levy a carbon tax.

The green development of shipping is an important foundation for the high-quality development of inland shipping. By analysing the relationship between Guangdong's economy, shipping, energy and the environment, a model of the Guangdong inland green shipping system was constructed using the system dynamics method. Scenarios were simulated and the effect of different green scenarios on the energy consumption and pollutant emissions of Guangdong inland shipping was analysed. The results show that, by 2030, reducing the energy consumption of transport vehicles will have a greater positive impact on the shipping industry than changing the energy structure. The green effect of the combined scenario was better than that of the single scenario, with an energy-saving effect of 18.25% and 36.39% respectively for the inland navigation system. The emission reduction effect was 22.42% and 50.93% respectively. Switching to low-sulphur oil for inland shipping system ships would reduce air pollutant emissions (SO₂ and NO_x) by an average of around 49 300 and 60 500 tonnes, respectively. In the long term, green development in Guangdong's inland shipping sector can be based on optimising the industrial structure and implementing various strategies, such as changing the energy structure and technical means.

To promote the green transformation of the shipping industry and improve environmental responsibility awareness among shipping enterprises, this paper presents a game model with two enterprises that differ in their awareness of environmental responsibility. The model uses non-cooperative game theory to study how environmental responsibility awareness affects investment in green shipping and the economic utility of enterprises during market competition. The results of the study show that the optimal level of investment in green shipping is determined solely by the cost-benefit analysis of the investment itself, rather than by the investment levels of other companies or the market environment. When there is a large gap in environmental responsibility awareness among shipping companies or when indirect cargo profit and loss is too low, enterprises' willingness to transform to green shipping will weaken during competition, as enterprises that take the initiative to transform to green shipping will lose their competitive advantage due to excessive encroachment on productive resources and reduced economic efficiency. Furthermore, to ensure that the overall utility of the shipping market improves with the depth of green transformation, it is necessary to control the cost of green investment, improve the return on investment of green shipping and reduce the pressure on enterprises to transform to green shipping. Based on the analysis results, it is recommended that the government promulgates policies and regulations to unify green shipping standards, encourage technological innovation in shipping and promote industry synergy and technology sharing, in order to achieve continuous green transformation.

Clean and low-carbon development in the transportation sector is crucial for preventing, controlling and mitigating atmospheric environmental problems that threaten sustainable human health. Based on statistical data, sustainable development reports and pollution prevention and control plans for the five modes of transport, including railways, highways, waterways, civil aviation and urban transport, released by the relevant authorities, we have introduced rail-water intermodal transport, China-Europe express trains, high-speed rail passenger transport, Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and 12 strategies to improve the quality of vehicle fuel, including enhancing port efficiency and maritime energy efficiency. Ship fuel quality; pollution control and emission reduction at solid and liquid bulk cargo terminals; enhancing civil aviation's energy conservation and emission reduction capabilities; electric public transport; and rail transit. A calculation model for reducing air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions was proposed based on the fuel method, transportation energy consumption, emission factors and alternative transportation volume. Twelve scenario emission reduction estimation methods based on analogy and statistical analysis were also proposed. Based on estimated reductions in fuel, air pollutants and CO₂, the effectiveness of clean and low-carbon development in comprehensive transportation has been reviewed since 2013. Prospects for the development of clean and low-carbon comprehensive transportation have been established in response to the problems and challenges we face.

China rivers are abundant in water resources, and inland container transport is the main form of river transport. However, with the rapid development of road construction, the continuous improvement of the comprehensive transport system and increased competition in road transportation resulting in lower freight costs, inland container transport will also face huge challenges. In order to utilise the economical and energy-saving role of inland river transport more effectively, it is necessary to encourage owners of goods to choose the waterway transportation mode. From the perspective of the inland container transport system, this paper conducts a quantitative analysis to address the issue of modal choice between inland container transport and road transport, internalising the economic externality of carbon emission through the total cost of transport. Taking into account the low-carbon objective, a transportation mode choice equilibrium model based on an inland container transport system was constructed. Meanwhile, the paper focuses on analysing the economic characteristics of total transportation costs and related influencing factors using an economic approach. Finally, the model's validity is verified using numerical examples. The results demonstrate that, under the low-carbon objective, it is more economical for owners to choose waterway transportation when the transportation distance is more than 1 100 km.

The coastal engineering of the port area is special and complex due to the terrain of the water and land. The manned measurement ship was unable to enter the test area and some areas limit the UAV. This paper presents an integrated measurement method that combines unmanned ship sounding with 3D laser scanning. Its practical application in Guangxi Port Area coastal engineering shows that measurement data fusion control and point cloud integration technology can safely and efficiently obtain high-density point cloud data across the entire survey area. The accuracy of the results meets the operational specifications' requirements and can serve as a reference for comprehensive survey technology applications in coastal engineering.