To reveal the detection status and molecular characteristics of Clostridium perfringens in food in Pudong New Area, providing a scientific basis for the risk assessment and prevention of this pathogen.

In 2023, 111 samples of raw and cooked food were randomly collected monthly from traditional markets and supermarkets at six monitoring sites (Dongming, Tangqiao, etc.) in Pudong New Area, totaling 1 332 samples across the year. C. perfringens was isolated via sulfite-polymyxin-sulfadiazine (SPS) agar and Columbia blood agar. Next-generation sequencing was employed to obtain the whole genome sequences of the strains. Virulence genes, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and drug resistance genes were analyzed based on VFDB, PubMLST, and CGE ResFinder. A phylogenetic tree was established based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

In 2023, the detection rate of C. perfringens in food in Pudong New Area was 5.78% (77/1 332). All positive samples were meat and meat products, and the detection rate in poultry meat was the highest (28.57%, 29/144). Nine antibiotic resistance genes were detected and the carriage rate of tetA(P) was the highest (89.61%, 69/77). All the isolates carried plc, while 74.03% (57/77) carried cpb2. The 77 isolates were classified into 63 sequence types (STs), with multiple strains clustering closely with human-derived isolates from Shenzhen and Wuhan.

Isolates of Clostridium perfringens from meat and meat products in Pudong New Area carry diverse virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes, indicating potential food safety risks.

To analyze the dissemination patterns and textual features of health science popularization rumors, establishing a foundation for the development of rumor mitigation and control mechanisms.

A content analysis was conducted on a sample of 348 health-related rumors published in August 2024 by People's Daily Online, China Science Communication, and the China Internet Joint Rumor Debunking Platform. Rumor themes, emotional valence, involved stakeholders, and linguistic tone were systematically coded and statistically evaluated by chi-square tests to assess distributional differences across platforms.

Predominant themes included healthy lifestyles (35.34%), disease prevention and control (34.49%), and food safety issues (30.17%), with no significant variation in theme distribution among platforms (P > 0.05). Negative emotional contents accounted for 55.75%, exhibiting significant inter-platform differences (P < 0.05). The primary stakeholders involved were the general public (62.64%) and patients (22.99%), with no significant inter-platform differences (P > 0.05). The dominant linguistic structures were declarative sentences (41.95%) and interrogative sentences (33.33%), with notable differences in distribution across platforms (P < 0.05).

Health science popularization rumors demonstrate strong links to public health concerns, notable emotional valence, targeted dissemination strategies, and diverse linguistic approaches. Strengthening surveillance, early warning systems, and cross-platform collaboration is essential for enhancing public health literacy and preventing rumor proliferation at the source.

To understand the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) serotypes among children in Zaozhuang, Shandong from 2022 to 2023 and study the antibiotic resistance mechanism, pathogenic mechanis, and MLST typing characteristics of SP serotype 15B strains by whole genome sequencing, thus providing data support for vaccine development and clinical antibiotic treatment.

A total of 87 SP isolates from children (≤ 14 years old) infected with pneumonia in Zaozhuang from 2022 to 2023 were collected. PCR was used for serotype testing. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests, whole genome sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis were conducted for SP serotype 15B strains.

The SP serotypes prevalent in this region were mainly 19F (41.4%), 6B (18.4%), 15B (13.8%), and 23F (11.5%). The serotype coverage rate of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was 77%, and that of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) was 92%. SP serotype 15B had a resistance rate of 100% to clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and compound sulfamethoxazole, with the multi-drug resistance rate of 100%. SP serotype 15B carried resistance genes ermB, rlmA(Ⅱ), tetM, patA, patB, and pmrA. The resistance genes (ermB, rlmA(Ⅱ), and tetM) and resistance phenotypes were consistent. All the SP serotype 15B strains carried virulence genes cbpG, pce/cbpE, pavA, pfbA, lmb, slrA, plr/gapA, cbpD, lytA, lytB, lytC, hysA, nanA, nanB, eno, cps4A, cps4B, cps4C, cps4D, zmpB, iga, cppA, htrA/degP, tig/ropA, piaA, psaA, piuA, and ply. Most (83.3%) of them carried pspA, and a small portion (16.7%) carried pspC/cbpA, srtB, srtC, srtD, rrgA, rrgB, and rrgC. ST9785 was the main sequence type of SP serotype 15B in this region.

The serotype 15B is the predominant PPSV23 serotype among the strains not covered by PCV13, and ST9785 is the main sequence type. SP serotype 15B in this region is fully resistant to clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and methoxybenzylamine/sulfamethoxazole and shows severe multi-drug resistance.

To investigate the transmission dynamics parameters of coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16)-caused hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in primary schools in Shenzhen, Guangdong and elucidate its transmission characteristics and trends.

A field epidemiological cross-sectional survey was conducted following the outbreak of CVA16-caused HFMD in a primary school in Shenzhen on September 14, 2024. Detailed investigations were performed on confirmed cases and close contacts. Additionally, symptom monitoring accompanied by nucleic acid testing was carried out over a two-week period. Sampling was discontinued upon obtaining two consecutive negative nucleic acid test results. The incubation period distribution was modeled via three parametric approaches: log-normal distribution, gamma distribution, and weibull distribution. The basic reproduction number (R0) was estimated from the cumulative number of reported cases during the initial growth phase of the outbreak. The serial interval was estimated by a Bayesian approach, and the posterior distribution of the model parameters was estimated by the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method.

Among 96 susceptible individuals under investigation during the outbreak of CVA16-caused HFMD at a primary school in Shenzhen, 43 cases, encompassing both confirmed cases and close contacts, were identified. Fourteen cases were laboratory-confirmed as CVA16 positive in HFMD, indicating an attack rate of 14.58% (14/96). Goodness-of-fit analysis of the three parametric distribution models revealed that the weibull distribution provided the optimal characterization of the incubation period for CVA16-caused HFMD in primary schools in Shenzhen. The weibull distribution showed the Watanabe-Akaike Information Criterion (WAIC) and Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation Information Criterion (LOOIC) values of 52.7 and 52.8, respectively, outperforming both the gamma distribution (WAIC = 53.3, LOOIC = 53.4) and log-normal distribution (WAIC = 53.3, LOOIC = 53.3). The weibull distribution revealed a mean incubation period of 3.0 days (95%CrI: 2.2 d–4.0 d) for CVA16-caused HFMD, estimating an incubation period shorter than 0.5 day in 2.5% of the cases and an incubation period shorter than 6.3 days in 97.5% of the cases. The outbreak persisted for 9 days, and the estimated R0 was 1.94. It meant a single infected individual can transmit the infection to approximately 2 secondary cases on average, without any intervention measures. Six infection sources and eleven transmission chains with variable estimated serial intervals and credible intervals were identified. The combined average serial interval was calculated to be 4.2 days (95%CrI: 1.9 d–6.4 d).

CVA16-casued HFMD in the primary schools in Shenzhen is characterized by a short incubation period, a high R0, and complex transmission chains, necessitating a comprehensive prevention and control strategy.

To analyze the epidemiological and etiological characteristics of a case of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) serogroup B infection in a maternity center in Zhangjiakou city, Hebei province in 2024.

An epidemiological investigation was carried out for the case, and samples of the case and close contacts were collected for isolation and culture. The isolates were subjected to strain identification, serogroup identification, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Molecular typing, average nucleotide consistency (ANI) analysis, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis were performed with 13 Nm serogroup B strains (including cases, close contacts, and healthy people) collected in Hebei province, 2024.

Both the isolates from the case in Zhangjiakou and the isolates from close contacts were Nm strains of the B serogroup. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that the isolate from the case (HE2024ZJK001) and one close contact (HE2024ZJK002) were sensitive to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, meropenem, azithromycin, minocycline, chloramphenicol, and rifampin, while they were not sensitive to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, compound sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, or penicillin. Both HE2024ZJK001 and HE2024ZJK002 belonged to a new sequence type (ST) ST-18512 and the same clonal complex (CC) CC4821. In addition, the two strains showed the ProA typing results of P1.20, 23, H factor-binding protein of variant 2 (v2), the sub-variant of v2.16, and the NHBA amino acid type of Peptide 669, and neither carried the NadA gene. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on ANI and SNP showed that the Zhangjiakou isolates (HE2024ZJK001 and HE2024ZJK002) had the same source and were most closely related to the Shijiazhuang isolate in Hebei province (HE12NME031) and the Guangdong isolate (Nm441107).

This case has been the first epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis case in Zhangjiakou since 2011, and it occurs in a place where mothers and infants are crowded. The results suggest that in the future, the health monitoring, especially epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis monitoring, should be strengthened for special groups of infants and young children to prevent local outbreaks.

To investigate and analyze a measles outbreak in an elementary school in Henan province, thereby providing a basis for the prevention and control of measles outbreaks.

On-site epidemiological investigation and outbreak disposition were carried out for the suspected cases related to this outbreak reported by the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System. Blood and pharyngeal swab specimens were collected from suspected cases and close contacts. Laboratory tests included serological testing, nucleic acid testing, and genotyping for measles virus, and data were analyzed in Excel 2019 software.

An outbreak of measles in an elementary school was reported in May 2024 in Henan province, with three confirmed cases, two of which were sequenced to be of the B3 genotype. The cases showed typical symptoms such as fever and rash. Among the students in the grades where the cases were located, 75.41% (276/366) had a history of immunization with ≥2 doses of measles component-containing vaccine (MCV) and 8.47% (31/366) had no history of immunization with MCV. The outbreak was effectively controlled after taking emergency vaccination, catch-up vaccination after checking for missed cases, and other measures.

The outbreak is caused by a measles virus strain of B3 genotype, and the dense school population and weak immunization barriers are main factors for this outbreak. In the future, efforts should be made to improve the system of school enrollment vaccination certificate verification and catch-up vaccination, increase the coverage of MCV, and build a strong immunization barrier.

To develop a solution absorption-high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of dimethyl oxalate and diethyl oxalate in workplace air.

Air samples were collected by porous glass plate absorption tubes filled with the absorption liquid, separated by a C18 chromatographic column, and detected at the wavelength of 210 nm. The retention time was employed for qualitative analysis, while the peak area was utilized for quantitative analysis.

The concentration-signal response of dimethyl oxalate and diethyl oxalate demonstrated satisfactory linearity within the concentration range of 2 to 100 μg/mL. The results for dimethyl oxalate indicate a regression equation of y = 1 964.2x + 2 383.8 (r > 0.999). The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.28 μg/mL and 0.94 μg/mL, respectively. The intra-assay precision ranged from 0.50% to 5.77%, and the inter-assay precision ranged from 0.83% to 5.83%. The recovery rate of standard additions varied between 98.44% and 99.86%. For diethyl oxalate, the regression equation was y = 2 214.5x + 2 633.9 (r > 0.999). The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.53 μg/mL and 1.76 μg/mL, respectively. The intra-assay precision ranged from 0.68% to 6.40%, while the inter-assay precision ranged from 1.02% to 6.59%. The recovery rate of standard additions varied between 98.93% and 100.63%. Sampling efficiencies for both dimethyl oxalate and diethyl oxalate were 100%. The absorption capacity of dimethyl oxalate was measured at 37.97 mg per 5.0 mL of absorption solution, while that of diethyl oxalate was 24.97 mg per 5.0 mL of absorption solution. The samples can be stored at 4 °C for at least three days.

This method is accurate, reliable, fast, and convenient, and the analytical performance meets the relevant requirements, which indicate that it has good potential for application in safeguarding the health of people occupationally exposed to dimethyl oxalate and diethyl oxalate.

To analyze the current status and equity of human resource allocation in centers for disease control and prevention (CDCs) at the county level in China, thereby providing reference for promoting the high-quality development of county-level CDCs.

The data were collected from the National Disease Prevention and Control Integrated Management System and the 2019–2023 Statistical Yearbooks. The Gini coefficient, Theil index, and health resource density index were adopted to analyze the current status and equity of human resource allocation in China′s county-level CDCs in the dimensions of population, geography, and economy.

In 2023, the staff size and ratio in China′s county-level CDCs reached 162 836 and 1.16 per 10 000, respectively, both demonstrating consistent year-on-year growth. The Gini coefficient of all regions was less than 0.2 according to population distribution, less than 0.3 according to economic level distribution, less than 0.4 in eastern and central China and close to 0.6 in western China according to geographical area distribution. The Theil index across regions was approximately 0.36 in the geographical dimension, and 0.02 and 0.07 in the population and economic dimensions, respectively. For population and geographical dimensions, the intra-regional contribution exceeded that between regions, while the opposite pattern held for the economic dimension. The national and regional health resource density index showed an increasing trend year by year.

The staff size in China′s county-level CDCs has shown sustained growth. Their distribution remains relatively equitable across population and economic dimensions, but exhibits weaker equity in the geographical dimension. Efforts should focus on promoting intra-regional coordination and integration of human resources to reduce disparities within regions.