A two-dimensional diffusion model was developed using the computational fluid dynamics software Fluent across various longitudinal wind speeds to examine the impact of longitudinal ventilation in underground tunnels on the dispersion of thermal runaway gases from lithium-ion batteries. The findings demonstrate that the diffusion of thermal runaway gas on the upwind side of the gas inlet is restricted by longitudinal ventilation，while it is enhanced on the downwind side. At a wind speed of 3 m/s，the time it takes for thermal runaway gas to diffuse to the exit boundary in about 40% that when there is no wind. Moreover，increasing wind speed within the computational domain results in a larger diffusion area under the same diffusion time. The expansion of the explosion area generally exhibits an increasing-then-decreasing trend as diffusion time advances. In the wind speed range of 0.25-3 m/s，the maximum explosion area grows proportionally with wind speed，forming an exponential relationship. Notably，the maximum hazardous area reaches a minimum of 6.79 m² at a wind speed of 0.75 m/s. Considering the maximum explosion range，wind speeds between 0.5 and 0.75 m/s appear optimal for diluting and diffusing thermal runaway gas in the tunnel.

Aiming at the problem that the regional environment of cultural relic buildings in a forest environment is complex，and it is difficult to accurately evaluate the regional firefighting and rescue ability，an evaluation method of firefighting and rescue ability of a single cultural relic building coupled with forest factors was constructed based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)，which covered 19 secondary indicators such as building materials，forest fire separation zones，and fire water sources. Based on single-unit assessment，a firefighting and rescue capacity assessment model based on the variable-rights method was established from the regional perspective for the centralized area of cultural relics buildings in the forest environment. A mixed-type variable-rights function dominated by penalties was introduced. The model was established by setting up the evaluation strategy，determining the penalties and incentives intervals，differentiating the protection level of cultural relics buildings，and putting forward the risk level division method. The firefighting and rescue capacity of the forest environment heritage building concentration area (Yuelu mountain scenic spot) was evaluated by combining the fixed-rights method and variable-rights method through field research and data collection. The results show that the number of individual heritage buildings rated as 'excellent，good，moderate，substandard，poor' accounted for '12%，20%，32%，20% and 16%'. For the centralized area，the fixed-rights method scored 75.27 (Level III，no need to take upgrading measures)，while the variable-rights method scored 69.97 (Level IV，need to take upgrading measures). Therefore，it is recommended that measures such as installing additional electrical fire warning systems and increasing forest fire breaks be taken to enhance firefighting and rescue capabilities.

In order to address the severe consequences of lithium battery vehicle fires during ship transportation，a vehicle fire simulation model of a ro-ro ship deck lithium battery was constructed. Firstly，the accuracy of the fire simulation model of single and dual lithium battery vehicles was verified by using the full-scale fire experiment data of lithium battery vehicles. Then，the verified simulation model was applied to simulate the fire of a lithium battery vehicle on the deck of a ro-ro ship，and the variation rules of fire heat release rate，temperature and radiant heat under different vehicle spacing were analyzed. The results show that in the initial stage of the lithium battery vehicle fire，the flame first spreads to the side-parked vehicles，especially the side of the vehicle affected by the jet fire，and then expands to the front and rear vehicles. The front vehicle suffers significantly more fire damage than the rear vehicle. At the same time，jet fire aggravates the spread and development of lithium battery vehicle fires. The temperature of the area with jet fire is significantly higher than that of the area without jet fire，and the adjacent vehicles affected by jet fire are ignited first. The numerical simulation method can effectively simulate the fire development and spreading process of the vehicle carrying lithium battery on a ship.

To prevent occupational injuries of national mine rescuers，the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of occupational injuries were investigated. Firstly，the injuries of the rescuers of the National Mine Emergency Rescue Team in Datong were investigated through field study，expert interviews，and questionnaire surveys. Then，a national mine rescuer injury causal model was proposed to determine the occupational injury risk factors. Finally，all risk factors were used in binary Logistic regression equation to determine the key risk factors. The results indicated that occupational injuries occurrence of the national mine rescuers was high (54.9%). Furthermore，training injuries (80.3%)，pulling and picking force devices (29.1%)，and weighted running (15.2%) were the most common training items for injuries. The waist (37.2%)，knee joints (11.2%)，hands (9.0%)，and ankle joints (7.6%) were the most vulnerable body segments. Work-related injuries (28.7%)，sprains (25.1%)，and strains (22.4%) were the most common injury types.The major internal risk factors affecting occupational injuries of national mine rescuers were training years，and the external factors were drinking alcohol，weekly training frequency，training with injuries，and lack of sleep. The major inducing events for injuries were insufficiency warm-up，recurrence of old injuries，and incorrect technical movements.

In order to identify the different dimensions of social justice in the risk communication of public crisis events for the promotion of sustainable social development，the theoretical mechanism between the four dimensions of social justice: procedural，interactive，distributive，and corrective justice and sustainable social，ecological，spatial，and temporal characteristics were explained by constructing a theoretical framework of risk justice. Then，we defined risk justice as the fair and reasonable quality of stakeholders' right to participate in the governance and management of public crisis events. To validate the constructed risk justice frameworks，we conducted a detailed content analysis of the risk management guideline，the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030，which was used to elucidate the prospective potential of the risk justice framework. The results suggest that this risk management guideline emphasizes the social and spatial issues of distributive and procedural justice，and less consideration in interactivity，corrective justice，and temporal and ecological issues，which may lead to the negative impacts of public crisis events risk communication on the sustainable development of society.

To reveal the characteristics of coal mine accidents in China in recent years，and put forward targeted countermeasures and suggestions for accident prevention，firstly，the major and catastrophic coal mine accidents in China from 2013 to 2023 were collected and analyzed from the aspects of the year，type，month，province and cause of the accident. Secondly，taking "2·22" particularly serious collapse accident in Inner Mongolia Xinjing coal mine as an example，the accident was analyzed based on 24Model. Finally，combined with the above analysis and research results，the accident prevention countermeasures and suggestions in line with the current situation of coal mine safety production in China were put forward. The analysis and research results show that the number of major accidents and deaths in coal mines has shown an overall downward trend，and the level of coal mine safety production in China has significantly improved since the 12^th Five Year Plan. Gas accidents are still the main accidents in coal mines in China，accounting for 51%. The fourth quarter of each year is a period of high incidence of coal mine accidents，accounting for 30.43% of the total number of accidents. Affected by geological conditions and occurrence，accidents often occur in the main coal producing areas. The proportion of accidents caused by unsafe human behavior is as high as 74%. When there are hidden dangers at both the individual and organizational levels and the dual prevention measures are not in place，accidents are likely to occur. Countermeasures and suggestions for reducing coal mine safety accidents are put forward from four dimensions，including safety supervision，strengthening safety through science and technology，team development and safety culture.

To accurately identify the entities of hydropower engineering construction safety specification，the named entity recognition model of hydropower engineering construction safety specification was constructed. The rich semantic information in the text was mined by the BERT. The semantic features of the specification were extracted by using BILSTM. The dependency relationship between entities was analyzed by relying on CRFs. The Technical Specification for Safety Protection in Construction of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Projects (SL714-2015) was taken as an example to calculate the named entity recognition model accuracy rate. The results show that the accuracy rate of the BERT-BILSTM-CRF model is 94.21%. Compared with the three traditional methods，the accuracy is significantly improved. The research will effectively assist in the intelligent management of safety regulations knowledge for hydropower engineering construction，and provide important support for the intelligent identification of construction safety hazards.

In order to improve the safety analysis of old buildings，a method was introduced for quantitatively predicting their structural safety based on digital twins. Identifying risk factors in the buildings' structures，setting up an intelligent monitoring system，and using monitoring data in numerical simulations to assess the safety of critical structural elements were included. The method provided quantitative predictions for damaged areas and the extent of destruction in the buildings. This study validates the proposed method using an old building in Xi'an with a history of over 70 years. A two-year structural safety monitoring was conducted following an actual engineering design monitoring plan. The numerical model of the building was created using Revit software and imported into ABAQUS. Monitoring data was used as external parameters in numerical simulations，with the assumption that monitored values exceeding settlement thresholds indicate a quantitative prediction of building damage. The outcome demonstrates that the old building is currently in a safe condition. However，if the settlement of the building exceeds the safety threshold，the likelihood of structural damage occurring at the front side of the stairs will be increased. The study verifies the high feasibility of a quantitative prediction method that integrates real-time monitoring data with numerical simulations based on digital twin technology for analyzing and assessing the overall and local structural safety of aging buildings.

Coastal chemical industrial parks have frequently experienced lightning strikes，which seriously threaten production safety. A risk assessment method based on HCL methodology was proposed to assess Natech (Natural-technological) accidents triggered by lightning strikes on storage tanks in these parks. Firstly，ESD and Fault Tree Analysis(FTA) were employed to qualitatively analyze the evolution paths of Natech accidents caused by lightning strikes on storage tanks，providing a visual foundation for blocking the accident transmission process. Secondly，BN were used to quantitatively calculate human error probabilities and assess the hybrid causal relationships of lightning-induced storage tank accidents. Finally，HCl methodology was applied to visually deconstruct the complexity and uncertainty of Natech accidents caused by lightning strikes on storage tanks. The research results indicate that decision-making error is the primary risk source in the human error model. Organizational atmosphere，psychological state，poor working environment and inadequate supervision are identified as the main factors leading to frequent human errors. The lack of effectiveness of lightning protection facilities is recognized as the trigger in the accident chain of lightning strikes on storage tanks. To reduce the severity of risk scenarios，emphasis needs to be placed on strengthening the control of full-surface fires and pool fires.

In order to evaluate the consequences of H₂S-containing associated gas leakage on the platform，ANSYS Fluent software was used to simulate the spatiotemporal changes of the gas diffusion. According to the development process of H₂S-containing gas diffusion，the toxic area of the associated gas cloud in two scenarios，namely no protective measures and emergency protective measures，were compared. A quantitative evaluation of the degree of toxic risk of H₂S-containing associated gas leakage was conducted by using the dose-response model. The results showed that compared to the scenario with no protective measures，after taking the “shutdown” measure，the volume and horizontal diffusion distance of the gas cloud with H₂S concentration ranging from 500-2 000 mg/m³ are reduced by 20%-37.5% and 15.4%-47.6%，respectively. After that，the toxic gas cloud volume and horizontal diffusion distance can be further reduced rapidly by taking the "blowdown" measures. By considering the H₂S accumulative concentration and exposure reaction，“shutdown + blowdown” measures can obviously reduce the fatality probability. The fatality of three monitoring spots near the leakage hole decreases from 0.998，0.034 and 0.000 239 to 0.759，0.002 9 and 0.000 000 65 respectively. The area of intolerable section and ALARP section of horizontal plane on the middle deck decrease by 63.7% and 81.7% after taking the emergency protective measures. The hazardous degree of toxic consequences caused by associated gas leakage can be significantly reduced.