As the core carrier of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), classic famous prescriptions play a vital role in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases and major diseases. However, their secondary development still faces numerous technical bottlenecks, such as limitations caused by insufficient data standardization and inadequate evidence chains in evidence-based medicine, which restrict the transformation process from clinical practice to industrialization. Artificial intelligence (AI) has promoted the shift of traditional empirical medicine to a new research paradigm of “algorithm-model-data-scenario-application”, providing a brand-new perspective for data mining, prescription optimization, and new drug research and development of classic famous prescriptions, and empowering the modernization of TCM. This article systematically investigates how AI is reshaping the research paradigm of classic famous prescriptions, proposing an integrated framework centered on intelligent data mining, in-depth mechanism analysis, and precise efficacy evaluation. Firstly, it elaborates on the foundational basis of key technologies such as machine learning and their applicable scenarios. Secondly, from application dimensions including intelligent screening of candidate prescriptions, analysis of the material basis for efficacy, and in-depth exploration of mechanisms of action, it summarizes the research progress and application prospects of the integration of AI and classic famous prescriptions. Finally, it analyzes challenges such as data heterogeneity, lack of standards, and poor adaptability between models and TCM theories, and proposes targeted solutions, aiming to provide references for AI empowering the secondary development of classic famous prescriptions.

Objective To investigate the chemical constituents of the fruits of Phyllanthus emblica and evaluate their antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Methods Compounds were isolated and purified using silica gel and reversed-phase silica gel RP-18 column chromatography, followed with semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chemical structures were elucidated based on physicochemical properties, together with UV, NMR, HR-ESI-MS, and X-ray single-crystal diffraction methods, and comparison with literature data. Antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities were assessed by DPPH free radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. Results Nine compounds were isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the methanol extract of P. emblica fruits and identified as 1-(2-aminobenzofuran-3-yl)-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethan-1-one (1), methyl dioxindole-3-acetate (2), aurantiamide (3), phyllaemblicin G3 (4), mucic acid dimethyl ester 2-O-gallate (5), chebulic acid trimethyl ester (6), 3,4,8,9,10-pentahydroxydibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one (7), ellagic acid (8), and methyl 1-O-benzoyl-3-α- glucuronosyl glycerol (9), respectively. The bioassay showed that compounds 5-8 exhibited significant DPPH radical scavenging capacity (scavenging rates = 86.59% − 90.75%), and 1, 7, and 8 displayed inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.44 to 33.06 μmol/L. Among them, compound 7 showed the strongest inhibition, which was superior to the positive control quercetin (IC₅₀ = 4.96 μmol/L). Conclusion Compound 1 is a new alkaloid, named emblicine A, while 2, 3, and 9 are reported from the titled plant for the first time. It is the first study to identify alkaloid with hypoglycemic activity from P. emblica, providing a scientific basis for its traditional use in glycemic control and antioxidant defense.

Objective To study on the chemical constituents from Dendrobium huoshanense. Methods The chemical constituents were separated and purified by silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, semi-prepared HPLC and other chromatography techniques. Their structures were elucidated by MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Results Eleven compounds (1—11) were isolated, and were identified as trans-ferulic acid nonadecyl ester (1), trans-p-hydroxycinnamic acid nonadecyl ester (2), 2,4,7-trihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (3), naringenin (4), 5-hydroxy-3,4′-dimethoxybibenzyl (5), 5-hydroxy-3-methoxybibenzyl (6), dendrogratiol A (7), amoenylin (8), methyl ferulate (9), protocatechuic acid (10), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (11). At a concentration of 100 μmol/L, compounds 4 and 7 exhibited inhibitory rates of 39.0% and 38.3% against tyrosinase, respectively. Conclusion Compounds 1 and 2 are new compounds, named dendrohuoshanin A and dendrohuoshanin B. Compounds 3, 5, 7—9 were isolated for the first time from this plant. Compound 3 was the first to be separated and purified through phytochemical methods from this plant. Compounds 1, 2, and 9 belong to simple phenylpropanoids, compound 3 is a dihydrophenanthrene, compound 4 is a dihydroflavone, and compounds 5—8 are bibenzyls. Compounds 4 and 7 show potential skin-whitening effects.

Objective To study the alkaloids from the fruit of Lycium chinense and their hepatoprotective activity. Methods The compounds were isolated and purified by silica gel column chromatography, D101 macroporous resin column chromatography, ODS column chromatography, and semi-preparative HPLC. Their structures were identified by¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and mass spectrometry. The acetaminophen (APAP)-induced injury of human liver cancer HepG2 cells model was used to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of these compounds. Results Sixteen alkaloids were isolated from the ethanol extract of fruit of L. chinense. Their structures were identified as lyciumamide P (1), lyciumamide Q (2), lyciumamide R (3), N-cis-grossamide (4), cannabisin E (5), cannabisin F (6), cannabisin G (7), cannabisin H (8), heliotropamide (9), N-malonyl-tryptophan (10), N-acetyltryptophan methyl ester (11), equisetinine A (12), nicotinamide (13), methyl-5-hydroxy-2-pyridinecarboxylate (14), thymidine (15), N¹,N¹⁰-di-dihydrocaffeoylspermidine (16). Conclusion Compounds 1—16 were isolated from L. chinense for the first time. Compounds 12, 13, 15 and 16 were isolated from Lycium for the first time. Compounds 5—7 and 10—16 showed significant hepatoprotective activity against APAP-induced injury of human liver cancer HepG2 cells at 10 μmol/L.

Objective Chemical composition analysis of Carthamus tinctorius injection and screening of allergenic components using molecular docking technology. Methods High performance liquid chromatography-ion trap-time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-IT-TOF-MS) was used to identify the chemical constituents of Safflower Injection, and molecular docking technology was used to further screen potential allergens.Results A total of 40 compounds were identified from the Carthamus tinctorius injection, including 26 chalcone C-glycosides, eight flavonoids, three alkaloids, and three other types of compounds. All compounds were identified in negative ion mode. These compounds were linked to human serum albumin (HSA), Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) and Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA), among which six compounds docked with HAS and nine compounds docked with MRGPRX2. It was found that 6-hydroxykaempferol compounds and safflower quinone compounds were the main allergic components in safflower injection. Conclusion A method for allergen screening combining liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and molecular docking was established. A total of 40 compounds were identified from Safflower Injection, and 6-hydroxykaempferols and safflower quinones were identified as potential allergens. This study provides important reference and data for allergen screening and sensitization mechanism research of Safflower Injection.

Objective To systematically evaluate the effects of soluble excipients on the disintegration behavior of Chinese medicine extract tablets prepared by different processes, thereby providing a scientific basis for the formulation design of Chinese medicine tablets. Methods A total of 11 representative Chinese medicine extract powders were selected, and the impacts of three processes (direct compression, dry granulation compression, and wet granulation compression) on tablet disintegration time and dissolution were compared. On this basis, Rougui (Cinnamomi Cortex) and Quɑnshen (Bistortae Rhizoma) extract tablets with poor disintegration performance were chosen for a factorial experimental design to investigate the modulating effects of soluble excipient type (sugar alcohols, lactose, and starch and its derivatives), proportion (10%, 20%, and 30%), and preparation process (dry granulation compression and wet granulation compression) on tablet disintegration. Results Except for Kushen (Sophorae Flavescentis Radix), the granulation process had minimal impact on the disintegration behavior of single Chinese medicine extract tablets, including Hujisheng (Visci Herba), Dɑnggui (Angelicae Sinensis Radix), Chuɑnxiong (Chuanxiong Rhizoma), Wumei (Mume Fructus), Fuchaocɑngzhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma stir-fried with bran), Zhiheshouwu (Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata), Bohe (Menthae Haplocalycis Herba) with a disintegration time ≤ 30 min. However, for single extract tablets with slower disintegration (> 30 min), such as Xixin (Asari Radix et Rhizoma), Cinnamomi Cortex and Bistortae Rhizoma, granulation prolonged disintegration time and reduced dissolution rate. Under high drug-loading conditions (≥ 70%) sugar alcohols and lactose showed the most significant improvement in disintegration of Cinnamomi Cortex and Bistortae Rhizoma extract tablets, whereas starch and its derivatives exhibited limited effects but enhanced the dissolution of water-soluble components under wet granulation. Wet granulation was more suitable for Cinnamomi Cortex tablets, while dry granulation was preferable for Bistortae Rhizoma tablets. Conclusion In the formulation design of high drug-loading Chinese medicine extract tablets, selecting sugar alcohols or lactose as excipients and optimizing the granulation process based on material properties are effective strategies to enhance disintegration and dissolution. This study provides foundational data for the development of Chinese medicine tablets and related solid dosage forms.

Objective To analyze variations in HPLC fingerprint profiles, characteristic constituents, and energy-related components during the preparation of Ejiɑo (Asini Corii Colla, ACC) decoction pieces, intermediates, and formulated granules. To investigate the transfer patterns of their critical quality attributes. And to establish a multidimensional quality control methodology tailored to the characteristics of ACC formulated granules. Methods HPLC fingerprint chromatograms for ACC decoction pieces, intermediates, and formulated granules were established using an indophenol post-column derivatisation-amino acid analyser method. Common peaks were assigned using reference substances. The quality variations across ten batches of ACC samples were analyzed by combining the fingerprint data with chemometric techniques. Furthermore, a method for the simultaneous quantification of six characteristic amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamate, glycine, alanine, arginine, proline) was developed. Conventional methods were employed to determine energy components, including protein and fat content. The production processes of ACC formulated granules were evaluated multi-dimensionally to construct a dynamic quality monitoring framework. Results Fingerprint chromatograms were established for ten batches of ACC, encompassing its decoction pieces, intermediates, and formulated granules. A total of 21 common peaks were identified, and the similarity among all batches were ≥ 0.990. The average transfer rate of the primary characteristic amino acids was 75.74%—92.09% from the decoction pieces to the intermediates, and 76.63%—94.84% from the intermediates to the formulated granules. The average transfer rate of energy components was 96.75% from the decoction pieces to the intermediates, and the average transfer rate of energy components was 43.26% from the intermediates to the formulated granules. Conclusion The indophenol post-column derivatization‑amino acid analyse method was used to construct HPLC fingerprints, determine multiple characteristic components, and measure energy components simultaneously, realizing a multidimensional evaluation of Ejiao decoction pieces‑intermediates‑finished products. A dynamic quality control method for the whole production process of Ejiao formula granules was established, providing a reference for its further research and development.

Objective To construct and optimize tanshinone II_A (TS II_A)-loaded micelles modified with a cardiomyocyte-targeting peptide CTP (APWHLSSQYSRT) (CTP-Ms/TS II_A), optimize their formulation, and evaluate their physicochemical properties and cardioprotective effects in vitro. Methods CTP-Ms/TS II_A were prepared using the film hydration method. A Box-Behnken response surface design was applied to optimize formulation parameters (Soluplus concentration, TPGS₁₀₀₀ concentration, hydration temperature) with encapsulation efficiency as the evaluation index. Particle size, ζ potential, and morphology of micelles were characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined using pyrene as a probe, and storage and serum stability were assessed. Cellular uptake was investigated in H9c2 cardiomyocytes by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. In an isoproterenol-induced H9c2 injury model, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential, cell viability, and apoptosis were evaluated by DCFH-DA, JC-1, calcein/PI staining, and CCK-8 assays. Results The optimal preparation parameters were determined as: formulation volume 5 mL, Soluplus concentration 12 g/L, TPGS₁₀₀₀ concentration 5 g/L, and hydration temperature 40 ℃. The CTP-Ms/TS II_A prepared under these conditions (with membrane materials including TS II_A, Soluplus, TPGS₁₀₀₀, DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀, and DSPE-PEG₂₀₀₀-CTP) achieved a high EE of (90.64 ± 1.01)% (n＝3). The micelles exhibited a particle size of (89.30 ± 0.76) nm, a ζ potential of (−0.033 ± 0.150) mV, and a critical micelle concentration of 42.8 μg/mL, with good stability. Compared with non-targeted micelles, CTP-Ms/TS II_A exhibited significantly enhanced uptake in H9c2 cells, more effective ROS scavenging, restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential, and improved cell survival. Conclusion CTP-Ms/TS II_A with stable physicochemical properties were successfully prepared, and their cardiac-targeting and cardioprotective potential were verified by in vitro experiments. This work provides a new experimental basis and potential delivery strategy for the application of TS II_A in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Objective The quality research system of the classic formula Tiaowei Chengqi Decoction (TCD, 调胃承气汤) was constructed by establishing HPLC fingerprinting and index component content determination methods, and the quantity value transfer law of its reference samples were explored. Methods Prepare TCD reference samples from 15 batches of herbal materials sourced from different regions using traditional methods. Establish fingerprint profiles via HPLC and evaluate batch-to-batch consistency using chemometric methods such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the batch-to-batch consistency and differential markers. Simultaneously, Hotelling’s T² and DModX were calculated based on the PCA model, with 95% and 99% confidence limits serving as the warning and control limits [T²_Crit (95%) = 31.49, T²_Crit (99%) = 54.15, D_Crit = 1.97] for batch consistency evaluation. A method was established to simultaneously determine the content of six target components gallic acid, glycyrrhizin, aloe-emodin, emodin, glycyrrhetic acid, and rhein in 15 batches of samples and their corresponding crude drug slices. The transfer rate of these components from crude drug slices to samples was calculated. Results A robust HPLC fingerprint profile of TCD was successfully established, allowing for the identification of 16 common peaks. Chemometric analysis confirmed effective batch-to-batch differentiation, with gallic acid and glycyrrhizic acid identified as key chemical markers contributing to the discrimination of batch variations. Quantitative analysis of six marker components across 15 batches revealed mass fractions ranging from 0.521 to 1.581 mg/g for gallic acid, 0.143 to 0.711 mg/g for glycyrrhizin, 0.025 to 0.071 mg/g for aloe-emodin, 0.016 to 0.182 mg/g for emodin, 0.487 to 2.740 mg/g for glycyrrhizic acid, and 0.007 to 0.039 mg/g for rhein. Furthermore, component tracking from crude drug to final sample demonstrated average transfer rates of 17.625%,2.878%,5.929%,5.159%,1.689% and 1.088% for these compounds, respectively. Conclusion Combined with multi-component quantitative analysis with chemometric methods to develop an HPLC fingerprint profile for TCD, systematically investigating the compositional variation patterns from herbal materials to reference samples. The findings provide a scientific foundation for quality evaluation research on TCD.

Objective Avoltammetric electronic tongue was applied to establish Bizhunziwei for evaluating the quality consistency between classical formulas Qingxin Lianzi Yin (QLY, 清心莲子饮) intermediate and explore its application in the pretreatment process optimization of QLY. Methods By comprehensively analyzing the precision of Euclidean distance (Ed), mean Euclidean distance (M-Ed), and standardized Euclidean distance (S-Ed) between the taste PCA score plots of intermediates and substance benchmark in combination with the discrimination index (DI), to construct the standard taste profile. The effects of the sample’s pH value, the salt ions and redox-active substances on Bizhunziwei were studied and the precision, repeatability and stability of Bizhunziwei were investigated. The application of Bizhunziwei in the pretreatment processes of QLY such as extraction and drying of classic famous prescriptions was explored and the correlation between Bizhunziwei and the similarity of fingerprint profiles was analyzed. Results The Bizhunziwei could be defined as “S-Ed*DI” which was the product of standardized Euclidean distance and the discrimination index of the taste PCA score plots. The RSD values for the precision, repeatability and stability of Bizhunziwei were 2.355%, 5.630%, 3.573%, respectively. The sample’s pH value, the salt ions and redox-active substances had a significant impact on Bizhunziwei (P < 0.05). The Bizhunziwei could distinguish the extraction and drying process parameters of QLY. The Bizhunziwei had a good correlation with the similarity of the fingerprint profile of QLY. Conclusion The Bizhunziwei provides a new approach for evaluating the quality consistency between intermediates and substance benchmark of QLY, and offers a new perspective for the development of classic famous prescriptions.

Objective To conduct qualitative and quantitative analysis of the chemical constituents in Tiaojing Cuyun Pills (TCP, 调经促孕丸) using high-resolution mass spectrometry and to evaluate its quality comprehensively. Methods Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap HRMS) was employed in this study. Combined with reference standard comparison, mass spectral fragmentation rule analysis and database retrieval, a method for identifying and analyzing the in vitro chemical constituents of TCP was established, and the key constituents were quantified. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to analyze the quantitative data for comprehensive quality evaluation of TCP. Results A total of 105 compounds were identified by collecting mass spectral data in Full-scan data-dependent MS/MS (Fullmass ddMS²) mode, covering various structural types such as flavonoids, organic acids, quinones, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids and others. Meanwhile, a quantitative analysis method was established for 24 key constituents in the drug using the full-scan accurate quasi-molecular ion mode to achieve precise content determination. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) analysis showed that the overall quality of 10 batches of drugs was stable, and catechin, tanshinone I, baohuoside I, daidzein, paeoniflorin and caffeic acid might be the key constituents affecting drug quality. Conclusion Based on high-resolution mass spectrometry technology, a variety of chemical components in TCP can be qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in a systematic, accurate and rapid manner, which lays a foundation for the research on its pharmacodynamic material basis and quality control.

Objective To investigate the effect and potential mechanism of bufotalin on growth of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods The effect of bufotalin on viability and proliferation of Cal-27 and FaDu cells were observed by CCK-8 method and plate clone formation experiment. The effect of bufotalin on cell cycle distribution of Cal-27 and FaDu cells were detected by flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to detect the effect of bufotalin on expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and cyclin D1 in Cal-27 and FaDu cells. To further explore the anti-tumor effects of bufotalin in vivo, a xenograft tumor model of HNSCC was established in nude mice. Proteomics technology was applied to identify differentially expressed proteins in bufotalin-treated Cal-27 cells, and the associated signaling pathways underlying its anti-tumor effect were analyzed. Western blotting was performed to assess the expressions of protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK)/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) signaling pathway related proteins. Results In vitro experimental results showed that bufotalin significantly reduced the viability of Cal-27 and FaDu cells (P < 0.01, 0.001), inhibited their proliferation (P < 0.01, 0.001), induced cell cycle arrest in G₀/G₁ phase (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001), down-regulated the protein expressions of CDK4 and cyclin D1 in FaDu cells (P < 0.05, 0.001), and down-regulated the protein expression of CDK4 in Cal-27 cells (P < 0.05). The in vivo experimental results showed that bufotalin could significantly inhibit the growth of tumors in tumor bearing mice (P < 0.01, 0.001). Proteomics and IPA analysis showed that bufotalin could induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and up-regulate the expression levels of p-PERK and p-eIF2α in Cal-27 and FaDu cells (P < 0.05, 0.001). Conclusion Bufotalin could induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, activate EIF2 signaling pathway, and induce the arrest of HNSCC cells in G₀/G₁ phase, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice.

Objective To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of small RNAs (sRNA) derived from Xuanfei Baidu Formula (宣肺败毒方, XFBD) targeting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice. Methods The modified CTAB method was employed to extract sRNA from XFBD and a library was constructed, followed by prediction and screening of sRNAs targeting ACE. The targeting specificity was verified using a dual-luciferase reporter system, and sRNAs capable of suppressing ACE expression were screened in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMEC). The effects of sRNA on angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang II) generation, inhibitor of inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB α (IκBα) and inflammatory cytokine expressions were examined by ELISA, Western blotting and qRT-PCR. An LPS-induced ALI mice model was established, control group, model group, captopril (10 mg/kg) group, XFBD (9.2 g/kg) group, NC-sRNA (10 nmol/animal) group, ACE-sRNA-1 (10 nmol/animal) group and ACE-sRNA-26 (10 nmol/animal) group were set up, with six mice in each group. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Micro CT were used to evaluate the pathological and imaging changes of lung tissue; The number of white blood cells and neutrophils in peripheral blood, as well as the total protein concentration, white blood cells, neutrophils and lymphocytes numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were detected; Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-cadherin) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in lung tissue; Western blotting and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expressions of ACE-Ang Ⅱ-Ang Ⅱ type 1 receptor (AT1R) pathway, IκBα and inflammatory factors in lung tissue; ELISA was used to detect the levels of Ang II and inflammatory factors in serum. Results A total of 50 potential ACE-targeting sRNAs were screened from XFBD, with 26 sRNAs validated to exhibit targeting effects, among which 12 sRNAs significantly inhibited ACE expression in HPMEC cells (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001). Seven sRNAs significantly suppressed Ang II generation, with ACE-sRNA-1/26 demonstrating the most potent effect (P < 0.001), inhibited IκBα protein and inflammatory factor expressions (P < 0.01, 0.001). In animal experiments, mice in model group had severe lung injury (P < 0.001); Compared with model group, ACE-sRNA-1 and ACE-sRNA-26 significantly improved lung injury in mice (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001), up-regulated VE-cadherin expression in lung tissue (P < 0.001), down-regulated ICAM-1, ACE, AT1R, IκBα and inflammatory factor expressions in lung tissue (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001), and reduced Ang II and inflammatory factor levels in serum (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001). Conclusion ACE-sRNA-1 and ACE-sRNA-26 derived from XFBD could target the inhibition of ACE expression and activity, alleviate pulmonary endothelial inflammation and barrier damage, and improve LPS-induced ALI in mice. The mechanism may be related to the regulation of ACE-Ang Ⅱ-AT1R pathway.

Objective To investigate the components of Isodon lophanthoides var. gerardianus aqueous extract (ILAE) and its protective effects against ethanol-induced alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in zebrafish, and to analyze its potential active components and targets using network pharmacology. Methods Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was employed to identify the components of ILAE. Wild-type AB strain and transgenic neutrophil zebrafish Tg (lyz: DsRed) at 4 d post-fertilization (4 dpf) were treated with 36, 73, 146 μg/mL ILAE or 70 μg/mL silymarin for 16 h, followed by induction of ALD with 2% ethanol for 32 h. The protective effects of ILAE on liver were assessed by observing developmental status, measuring biochemical indicators and conducting behavioral tests. Network pharmacology was used to analyze the potential components and targets of ILAE in treating ALD. Validation was performed through molecular docking and Western blotting. Results A total of 56 components were identified in ILAE, primarily flavonoids and phenolic acids. ILAE significantly alleviated ethanol-induced developmental impairment in zebrafish, the delayed absorption area of yolk sac and the area of liver enlargement were significantly reduced (P < 0.05, 0.001), lipid accumulation was significantly reduced (P < 0.001), liver pathological damage was relieved, liver cells were arranged in an orderly manner, and fat vacuoles were reduced. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001), while the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and reduced glutathione (GSH) level were significantly increased (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001). The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and triglycerides (TG) were significantly decreased (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001), and the number of neutrophils was significantly reduced (P < 0.01, 0.001). The excitement state of zebrafish was decreased, and the rapid movement trajectory and total movement distance were decreased (P < 0.05, 0.001). The core targets associated with ILAE and ALD were protein kinase Bα (AKT1), nuclear factor-κB subunit 1 (NF-κB1), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), key components were chrysin, eupatilin and rosmarinic acid, which exhibited strong binding affinity to the targets. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis and gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that the process involved lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, bile acid secretion, and exogenous substance metabolism pathways. Western blotting results showed that ILAE significantly reduced the expression levels of NF-κB1, STAT3 proteins and their phosphorylated forms in ethanol-induced zebrafish (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001), and increased the expression levels of AKT1 protein and its phosphorylated forms (P < 0.05, 0.01). Conclusion ILAE may improve ALD by targeting AKT1, NF-κB1, STAT3 through rosmarinic acid, chrysin, caffeic acid, 7-hydroxycoumarin and other components. Its protective effect may be related to reducing inflammatory response, decreasing lipid accumulation and enhancing antioxidant activity.

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which sodium new houttuyfonate (SNH) inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression through autophagy regulation via ubiquitin-specific peptidase 22 (USP22)-mediated silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1) deubiquitination. Methods Human liver cancer HepG2 cells were treated with SNH or sorafenib for 24 h, cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay, cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, and cell invasion ability was detected by Transwell assay. After plasmid transfection induced overexpression of USP22, the USP22-SIRT1 interaction was verified by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP). USP22 and SIRT1 protein expressions, as well as SIRT1 ubiquitination were detected by Western blotting. After treatment with SIRT1 activator, autophagy activity was evaluated through mRFP-GFP-LC3 dual fluorescence labeling, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level measurement, lactate production assay, and analysis of USP22, SIRT1, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3)-II/I and p62 protein expressions. For in vivo experiments, 40 BALB/c-nu nude mice were eutectopically transplanted with HepG2 cells and intervened with SNH or sorafenib for 12 d. Tumor volume and weight were monitored every 3 d. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and TUNEL staining were performed on tumor tissues, and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expressions of nuclear proliferation antigens Ki67, USP22 and SIRT1. Results SNH dose-dependently suppressed HepG2 cell viability and invasion (P < 0.01, 0.001), induced cell apoptosis (P < 0.001). The effect of high-dose SNH was comparable to sorafenib. Co-IP confirmed USP22-SIRT1 protein interaction, which was significantly reduced by high-dose SNH (P < 0.01). High-dose SNH significantly down-regulated USP22 and SIRT1 protein expressions (P < 0.01, 0.001), increased SIRT1 ubiquitination (P < 0.001). These effects were reversed by USP22 overexpression (P < 0.05, 0.001). SNH inhibited autophagy in HepG2 cells, manifested by enhanced GFP/mRFP fluorescence signal (P < 0.01), decreased ATP level (P < 0.001), increased lactate level (P < 0.001), increased p62 expression and decreased expression levels of USP22, SIRT1 and LC3-II/I proteins (P < 0.05, 0.001). SIRT1 activation partially counteracted the autophagic inhibition of SNH (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001). In vivo, high-dose SNH significantly reduced tumor volume, weight and malignancy degree (P < 0.001), induced tumor cell apoptosis and decreased Ki67, USP22, and SIRT1 expressions (P < 0.001). Conclusion SNH inhibits HCC progression by suppressing autophagy through USP22-mediated regulation of SIRT1 deubiquitination, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for HCC.

Objective To screen the core active components of Shenfu Injection (参附注射液, SFI) using UHPLC-MS and molecular docking techniques, and to verify the effects of SFI on expressions of post-translational modifications of tubulin in chronic heart failure of heart-yang deficiency syndrome through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Methods UHPLC-MS was applied to identify the main components of SFI, and molecular docking was performed to analyze their interactions with tubulin-related targets. SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, colchicine (0.1 mg/kg) group, SFI low- and high-dose (3, 6 mL/kg) groups, with eight rats in each group. The CHF heart-yang deficiency model was replicated using sc isoproterenol, and drug intervention was given for two weeks. Echocardiography was used to detect cardiac function. ELISA was used to detect N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) level in serum. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to detect pathological changes in myocardial tissue. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expressions of acetyl α-tubulin, polyglut α-tubulin and detyr α-tubulin in myocardial tissue. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of tubulin tyrosine ligase (TTL) and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in myocardial tissue. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were treated with isoproterenol to establish a cell injury model, and after intervention with SFI, the level of microtubule protein modification was detected. Results A total of 12 main active ingredients in SFI were obtained through UHPLC-MS screening, and molecular docking results showed strong binding affinity with tubulin and modification related proteins. The animal experiment results showed that compared with model group, SFI could significantly improve cardiac function of rats (P < 0.01), reduce the level of NT-proBNP in serum (P < 0.01), alleviate the degree of myocardial interstitial fibrosis, reduce the expressions of microtubule protein α-tubulin and microtubule density in myocardial tissue (P < 0.05, 0.01), reduce the expressions of microtubule protein tyrosine and glutamate, increase acetylation expression, down-regulate HDAC6 positive expression (P < 0.01), and up-regulate TTL positive expression (P < 0.01). The results of cell experiments were consistent with animal experiments, further verifying that SFI could improve post-translational modifications of microtubule proteins. Conclusion SFI could effectively reduce the levels of tyrosinization and glutamatzation of microtubules, increase acetylation levels, correct the imbalance of post-translational modifications of microtubules, thereby improving the abnormal microtubule network in cardiac myocytes of rats with CHF heart-yang deficiency, enhancing microtubule stability and improving heart function. This provides experimental evidence for the molecular mechanism of SFI treatment for CHF heart-yang deficiency.

Objective To systematically investigate the intestinal absorption characteristics of baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid, aloe-emodin, wogonin, emodin and chrysophanol in Jinzhen Oral Liquid (金振口服液) using the rat in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model and Caco-2 cell model. Methods In vitro experiments were conducted using Caco-2 monolayer cell model to preliminarily evaluate the absorption capacity of the six components through apparent permeability coefficient (P_app). In situ experiments were conducted using rats in situ intestinal perfusion to further verify the absorption of the six components in rat intestinal segments (duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon) through the absorption rate constant (K_a) and effective permeability coefficient (P_eff). The in vitro and in situ absorption rules were compared and analyzed to clarify their absorption mechanisms. Results The in vitro and in situ experimental results showed good consistency. Under low-, medium-, and high-concentration perfusion conditions, all six components were absorbable in various intestinal segments of rats. Among them, the P_eff values in the duodenum, jejunum, and colon were all greater than 1.2 × 10⁻³ cm/min, indicating that the six components were well absorbed in these three intestinal segments. In the ileum segment, the P_eff values of baicalin, glycyrrhizic acid and wogonin were 1.8 × 10⁻⁴—1.2 × 10⁻³ cm/min, indicating moderate absorption of these three components in the ileum. The P_eff values of aloe-emodin, emodin and chrysophanol were greater than 1.2 × 10⁻³ cm/min, indicating good absorption of these three components in the ileum. In addition, there were differences in the absorption mechanisms of these six components, and most of them exhibited absorption characteristics that required carrier involvement, such as active transport and diffusion promotion (some of which were concentration dependent or saturated). At the same time, there were also components that mainly participate in passive diffusion or both active and passive transport. Conclusion In situ and in vitro intestinal absorption experiments reveal the segment-specific absorption patterns of six major components in Jinzhen Oral Liquid, with good overall absorption that meets the requirements for oral preparations.

Objective To analyze the formulation patterns of health foods containing Sangshen (Mori Fructus) and investigate their potential mechanisms using data mining, network pharmacology, and molecular docking techniques. Methods Information on Mori Fructus-related health foods up to September 13, 2025, was collected from the Special Food Information Query Platform of the State Administration for Market Regulation and Yaozhi.com. Formulation patterns were analyzed using frequency statistics, cluster analysis, and association rule analysis. Active ingredients of Mori Fructus were retrieved from databases such as the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP). Potential targets were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction, while disease targets related to primary health functions were retrieved from databases like GeneCards database. Target gene names were standardized using the UniProt database. Potential targets were screened using Venny and STRING databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was then performed, and core targets were screened based on degree values. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted using the DAVID database. Finally, molecular docking was employed to validate the binding affinity between core targets and key components. Results A total of 243 Mori Fructus-containing health foods meeting the inclusion criteria were included, involving 177 traditional Chinese medicine ingredients, primarily heat-clearing drugs and tonifying deficiency drugs. The medicinal properties were mainly warm and neutral; the medicinal flavor was predominantly sweet; the meridians entered the lung, heart, and liver channels. The most common dosage form was capsules. The top two health functions were helping to enhance immunity and helping to alleviate physical fatigue. For immunity enhancement, 453 potential targets and 10 core targets were identified. For alleviating physical fatigue, 166 potential targets and 10 core targets were identified. Mori Fructus exerts its effects on enhancing immunity and alleviating physical fatigue through signaling pathways such as the TNF signaling pathway and the lipid and atherosclerosis pathway. Molecular docking results indicated that the key components of Mori Fructus could spontaneously and stably bind to the core targets. Conclusion This study, utilizing data mining, network pharmacology, and molecular docking, analyzed information related to Mori Fructus-containing health foods and preliminarily revealed the potential targets and mechanistic pathways associated with the main health functions of Mori Fructus, providing a theoretical basis for the subsequent development of Mori Fructus-based products.

Objective To comprehensively analyze the research status and hotspots of Guizhi (Cinnamomi Ramulus) from the perspective of bibliometrics, so as to provide theoretical guidance for the clinical application and in-depth research of Cinnamomi Ramulus in the future. Methods The four databases, namely CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and Web of Science (WOS), were searched with Cinnamomi Ramulus as the keyword. The retrieval time was set from January 1, 1990 to March 31, 2025. The literatures were imported into NoteExpress literature management software for duplicate checking and screening. Software such as Excel, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer were used to conduct visual analysis on domestic and foreign researches on Cinnamomi Ramulus from the dimensions of publication trends and national distribution, publication institutions, publication authors, keywords, etc. Results A total of 2 476 Chinese literatures and 591 English literatures met the inclusion criteria. In the field of Cinnamomi Ramulus research, the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences ranks first in the number of published papers in both Chinese and English. Wang Zhenzhong and Chen Lidian respectively hold the highest number of publications in Chinese and English in this field. Research on Cinnamomi Ramulus is currently in a sustained development phase with high overall research heat, showing an upward trend. China is the primary contributing country, with gradually increasing international attention in recent years. Core research teams in this field have initially formed, butcooperative effect among institutions has not yet been fully highlight, the cooperation model is more often manifested as internal collaboration between medical colleges and their affiliated hospitals, as well as among research institutions within the same region. Deeper cooperation across regions and disciplines still needs to be further expanded. In the field of Cinnamomi Ramulus research, both Chinese and English literatures have focused on aspects such as its active components and mechanisms of action. From the perspective of keyword analysis, Chinese studies have paid more attention to classic famous prescriptions related to Cinnamomi Ramulus, the inheritance of medical cases, and clinical disease applications, while English studies have emphasized the exploration of its modern compound compatibility, pharmacological mechanisms, and network regulatory pathways. Conclusion Research in the field of Cinnamomi Ramulus is continuously expanding and deepening, evolving from early focus on traditional Chinese medical therapies and classical formulas to multi-faceted investigations covering component research, clinical diseases, action mechanisms, and modern technological applications.

Objective As key water-soluble components in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulas, polysaccharides play a critical role in elucidating the mechanisms of these formulas. Clarifying their functions is a key breakthrough to decipher the mysteries of TCM formulas and advance its modernization. This study employs bibliometric methods to comprehensively analyze the current status, hotspots, and trends of research on polysaccharides from TCM formulas between 2005 and 2025, aiming to provide a reference for future development in this field. Methods Relevant Chinese and English literature were retrieved from the China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WOS) databases, respectively. Bibliometric tools including CiteSpace and VOSviewer were employed to analyze publication output, journals, authors/institutions, citation frequency, and keywords of both Chinese and English literature, respectively. Results Over the past two decades, a total of 227 literature that met the requirements were retrieved. The annual publication output showed a fluctuating upward trend, with Chinese literature (199 papers, 87.7%) dominating, underscoring the distinct characteristics and advantage of China in this field. The most prolific institutions were Shihezi University (40 articles) for Chinese publications and Shanghai Jiao Tong University (six articles) for English publications. Gu Xinli ranked first among Chinese authors with 40 publications, while Li Xiaobo and Peng Ying tied for the lead among English authors, each with six publications. Keyword analysis revealed that research evolution within the past 20 years can be divided into three main phases: establishment of basic technologies, expansion of activity studies, and the intervention of microecological functions. Hot topics included optimization of extraction processes, characterization of basic properties, investigations into classic formulas such as Sijunzi Tang and Yupingfeng San, along with studies on immunomodulation, antioxidant and antitumor effects, and gut microbiota-mediated mechanisms. Conclusion Research on polysaccharides in TCM formulas constitutes a relatively niche yet steadily evolving area, marked by distinctive Chinese characteristics and regional advantages. However, limitations remain, including insufficient research coverage, limited research depth, and inadequate exploration of synergistic mechanisms. Future breakthroughs will require interdisciplinary integration to tackle these core challenges, thereby potentially accelerating the modernization and internationalization of TCM formulas.

Objective High-throughput sequencing of Rehmannia chrysantha L.was performed to elucidate the structure of its chloroplast genome and its phylogenetic relationship with related species. Methods Codon preference analysis of chloroplasts of R. chrysantha was performed using CodonW v1.3 software. The codon usage bias was analyzed by using CodonW v1.3 software. Then, the obtained data were imported into IRscope and mVISTA to clarify sequence variations between R. chrysantha and related species. This study constructed a phylogenetic tree of the genus Rehmannia and its related genera on MEGA11 software. Results The chloroplast genome of R. chrysantha was a typical circular double-stranded molecule with a quadripartite structure and a total length of 153 789 bp. It has 28 high-frequency codons. Neutral plot analysis, ENC-plot analysis, and PR2-plot analysis all indicated that natural selection was the main cause of codon usage bias in R. chrysantha. It was also found that there were varying degrees of variation in the inverted repeat (IR) boundaries of the Rehmannia genus, and these changes were mainly concentrated in JLA and JLB. The genes rpl2, psbI, petN, psbZ, ycf1, and ndhB were identified as potential DNA barcodes for distinguishing closely related genus Rehmannia. In addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed a close evolutionary relationship between R. chrysantha and R. glutinosa L. Conclusion Protein-coding genes in the chloroplast genomes of genus Rehmannia exhibited a preferential use of codons ending in A/U, with natural selection being the primary factor influencing this codon usage bias. These findings will provide a foundation for future studies on molecular evolution, phylogeny, and chloroplast genetic engineering within this genus.

Objective To identify members of the R2R3-MYB gene family (named CiaMYB) in Chrysanthemum indicum var. aromaticum, a folk medicinal plant from Shennongjia, analyze their genetic evolutionary characteristics and expression patterns in response to UV-B stress, and explore the molecular mechanisms by which they regulate flavonoid synthesis. Methods Based on the whole-genome sequence of C. indicum var. aromaticum, bioinformatics analyses were performed to comprehensively identify CiaMYB members, and systematic analyses were conducted on their protein physicochemical properties, chromosomal localization, gene structure, collinearity relationships, and composition of cis-acting elements. Combined with transcriptome sequencing and correlation analysis, CiaMYB genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were screened. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the expression patterns of key genes, and the functional localization of the proteins was analyzed. Results A total of 140 CiaMYB genes were identified, encoding hydrophilic proteins consisting of 206—868 amino acids, which are unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes. The promoter regions are enriched with cis-acting elements related to light response, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) signaling pathways. UV-B irradiation significantly induces differential expression of CiaMYB genes and accumulation of total flavonoids in leaves. Among them, CiaMYB040 and CiaMYB066 are highly homologous to the S7 subfamily, which is critical for flavonol synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, and their expression levels show a strong positive correlation with total flavonoid content, suggesting that they play a key transcriptional regulatory role in the flavonoid synthesis pathway. Subcellular localization confirmed that CiaMYB040 and CiaMYB066 proteins are localized in the nucleus. Conclusion This study is the first to systematically reveal the evolutionary characteristics of R2R3-MYB family members in C. indicum var. aromaticum, and preliminarily screen CiaMYB genes that respond to UV-B stress and are involved in regulating flavonoid synthesis. It provides important candidate gene resources for elucidating the molecular mechanism of plant high-altitude stress adaptation, as well as for flavonoid metabolism regulation and stress-resistant genetic improvement in Asteraceae plants.

Objective To address the difficulty of early sex identification in Cannabis sativa and the instability of existing molecular markers, this study developed stable and accurate sex identification molecular markers based on the structural characteristics of sex chromosomes of C. sativa. This approach aims to provide a reliable tool for early sex determination at the seedling stage. Methods By comprehensively utilizing multiple chromosome-level haplotype genomic data of C. sativa, the male-specific segments in the male-specific of Y (MSY) region were systematically compared and screened through bioinformatics methods. Specific molecular markers were then designed from large MSY fragments and tested for specificity and stability using 36 C. sativa samples with known sex (15 males and 21 females) through PCR amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis, and the newly developed markers were compared with previously reported ones (MADC5 and MADC6) for validation. Results A total of 15 648 Y chromosome-specific sequences were identified, from which 12 SCAR markers were developed. Among them, five markers (MSY99M-3, MSY99M-4, MSY99M-5, MSY100M-1, and MSY100M-7) consistently produced distinct male-specific bands in all male plants, without amplification in female samples, achieving 100% identification accuracy, which was superior to that of previously reported markers. Conclusion The SCAR markers developed from Y chromosome-specific regions demonstrated high specificity, stability, and relia, enabling rapid and precise early sex identification in C. sativa. These markers offer significant potential to enhance the production efficiency of medicinal cannabis and related products.

Objective: To compare the differences in color, taste and odor of Baishao (Paeoniae Radix Alba) from different producing areas, and provide a reference for the quality evaluation of Paeoniae Radix Alba. Methods The chromaticity, taste and odor of Paeoniae Radix Alba from different origins were determined by spectrophotometer; electronic tongue and electronic nose. The volatile components of Paeoniae Radix Alba from different origins were identified and relatively quantified by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS), and multivariate statistical analyses were carried out to search for the differential volatile components of Paeoniae Radix Alba from different origins; and a pearson correlation analysis was conducted on the differential volatile components of Paeoniae Radix Alba from different origins and the electronic nose to find the basis of its odor substance. Results Anhui Bozhou Paeoniae Radix Alba powder has the highest L^* value, Shandong Caoxian Paeoniae Radix Alba powder has the highest a^* and b^* values, and the chromaticity value of Paeoniae Radix Alba powder from different places of origin varies significantly; the samples of Paeoniae Radix Alba from different places of origin can be clearly differentiated by the electronic tongue, and the differences in their flavour are mainly in the richness, astringency and saltiness; the differences in the odor are mainly in the W5S, W1S, W1W, W2S, W2W, W3S sensors, and the odor of the Paeoniae Radix Alba from Bozhou, Anhui Province has a unique odor which is clearly different from that of Paeoniae Radix Alba from Linan, Zhejiang Province, and Caoxian, Shandong Province. A total of 53 volatile components were identified by HS-GC-MS, and 22, 29 and 22 differential volatile components were screened between the samples of Paeoniae Radix Alba from Bozhou, Anhui and Linan, Zhejiang, Bozhou, Anhui and Caoxian, Shandong, and Linan, Zhejiang and Caoxian, Shandong, respectively, with 2-methylbutyraldehyde, 2-ethyl-5-methyltetrahydrofuran and furfural being the common differential component of Paeoniae Radix Alba in the three origins. A total of 17 components that caused differences in the odor of Paeoniae Radix Alba from different origins were identified through pearson correlation analysis. Conclusion The experiment can better distinguish the Paeoniae Radix Alba from different origins through the colourimeter, electronic nose and electronic tongue technology combined with HS-GC-MS, which can provide scientific basis for the identification and quality evaluation of Paeoniae Radix Alba from different origins.

Breast cancer bone metastasis (BCBM) is a common complication of breast cancer, which often induces bone pain, pathologic fractures, hypercalcemia, etc. The osteoprotegerin (OPG)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL) signaling pathway plays a crucial role in development and progression of BCBM. Results has shown that this signaling pathway is closely related to osteoclast activation. The clinical treatment strategies for BCBM include bone-modifying drugs, molecularly targeted therapies, and immunotherapies. Both traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) monomers and compound preparations are able to upregulate OPG expression to inhibit osteoclast activation and block the RANKL-mediated nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway activation, thereby suppressing the pathological progression of BCBM. However, the clinical application of TCM is still limited by factors such as uncertain pharmacokinetic characteristics, incomplete quality standards, and variations in therapeutic efficacy. Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of the OPG/RANK/RANKL signaling pathway in BCBM may therefore provide a theoretical foundation for developing TCM-based treatment strategies.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a complex pathogenesis and a lack of effective clinical treatments. Shichangpu (Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma) is the most commonly used single herb in clinical practice for the prevention and management of AD, recognized for its cognitive-enhancing and phlegm-resolving properties. By integrating advances in research on AD pathological mechanisms, this study synthesizes current knowledge regarding the active components of Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma—including volatile components, alkaloids, organic acids, and terpenes—and their mechanisms of action in AD prevention and treatment. Evidence indicates that Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma and its bioactive constituents exert anti-AD effects through multiple pathways, such as suppressing neuroinflammation, inhibiting oxidative stress, enhancing cholinergic function, and restoring blood-brain barrier integrity. These findings underscore its multi-component, multi-target therapeutic potential in AD intervention. This review provides a theoretical basis for the rational clinical application of Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma and offers new perspectives for elucidating its modern pharmacological mechanisms.

Huangqin (Scutellaria Radix) is a traditional Chinese medicine. Scutellaria extract and main active ingredient baicalin have become an indispensable and important raw material in modern Chinese medicine preparations. The preparation technology, quality standards, regulatory policies and application status of Scutellaria extract and baicalin in Chinese patent medicine were reviewed. Scutellaria extract is managed as a traditional Chinese medicine extract and can only be used for oral Chinese patent medicine; Baicalin is used as a chemical raw material for association review. Its application scope is wider. In addition to oral Chinese patent medicine, it can also be used in injection, eye drops and other dosage forms. Scutellaria extract and baicalin are mixtures with baicalin as the main component, but the quality standard is a single baicalin as the quality control index. Many Chinese patent medicines containing Scutellaria extract and baicalin have been included in the medical insurance catalog and the list of over-the-counter drugs, indicating the importance of baicalin as a raw material of Chinese patent medicines. In order to ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug use, especially for baicalin for injection, we should further strengthen the control of exogenous pollutants and establish a multi-component total quality control system in the future.

Skin photoaging is a type of skin damage caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation, clinically characterized mainly by wrinkle formation, pigmentation, reduced skin elasticity, and potential progression to precancerous lesions. In the treatment of skin photoaging, conventional pharmaceutical formulations often face challenges such as poor transdermal performance, weak targeting capability, and short drug retention time. In recent years, intelligent responsive hydrogels constructed based on various active ingredients such as phenolic acids, polysaccharides, and saponins have provided novel therapeutic strategies for the repair of skin photoaging. These hydrogels can not only load functional components with activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagen synthesis promotion but also autonomously respond to the microenvironment of photoaged skin, thereby achieving precise drug delivery. This paper systematically reviews the response mechanisms of intelligent responsive hydrogels and their research progress in the treatment of skin photoaging, aiming to provide new insights and theoretical references for the development of efficient and accurate topical formulations and to promote their application in this field.

As a commonly used bulk Chinese medicinal herb, Baizhu (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) has a long history of medicinal use and wide application, possessing effects such as strengthening the spleen and boosting qi, drying dampness, and promoting diuresis. Its processing began during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, evolving over generations into more than ten methods primarily involving slicing and stir-frying. Among these, Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and stir-frying Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma with honey bran remain in use today. Current quality control for Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma primarily relies on pharmacopoeia and local standards, employing multi-indicator monitoring. However, these standards predominantly focus on chemical constituents, often detaching from clinical practice. Furthermore, standards for processed slices highly overlap with raw material standards, lacking distinct characteristics for processed forms. This review synthesizes ancient herbal texts, processing treatises, successive editions of pharmacopoeias, regional processing regulations, and modern literature to trace the historical evolution of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma processing, quality control standards and technical methodologies of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma. It aims to provide theoretical foundations for refining Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma quality standards and advancing the production of high-quality, efficacious Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, recurrent, non-specific gastrointestinal disease with an unclear pathogenesis, and there is no curative treatment at present. As a multi-component natural traditional Chinese medicine, Coptidis Rhizoma shows the advantages of multi-target and multi-pathway regulation in the treatment of IBD with its rich chemical composition and unique pharmacological activity. Its core active ingredients are isoquinoline alkaloids, including berberine, coptisine, palmatine, berberrubine, etc., supplemented by flavonoids, lignans, organic acids, polysaccharides, terpenoids and other components, which have the effect of clearing heat and drying dampness,purgingfire and removing toxin. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that Coptidis Rhizoma and its active components exert therapeutic effects on IBD through multiple mechanisms, including antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, intestinal mucosal barrier protection, regulation of intestinal flora, glucose metabolism modulation, and cholinergic system regulation. This review summarizes the recent advances in the mechanisms and applications of Coptidis Rhizoma and its active ingredients in the treatment of IBD, providing a reference for the development of standardized clinical preparations of Coptidis Rhizoma.

The self-assembly of active components of traditional Chinese medicine has been confirmed to exist in decoctions, which ensures the effectiveness of active components of traditional decoctions, improves bioavailability, and has the effect of enhancing efficacy and reducing toxicity. As an important pharmacodynamic component, essential oil is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions such as relieving exterior syndrome, resolving dampness, inducing resuscitation and regulating qi. Although essential oil has the characteristics of easy volatilization, it does not completely volatilize during the decoction process and continues to exert its efficacy. This phenomenon suggests that essential oil may form an “oil-active molecule” complex through self-assembly with other components in a complex decoction system to achieve the stabilization of essential oil molecules. Based on the theory of molecular self-assembly of traditional Chinese medicine, it is speculated that the stable state of “compatible combination” may be related to the structure of essential oil, the interaction of multiple components and the solution state. Based on the research status and challenges in the field of self-assembly of traditional Chinese medicine, this paper focuses on the “oil-active molecule” complexes existing in the decoction co-decoction system, aiming to clarify the active components, forces and regulatory strategies of self-assembly, and systematically explore the potential and progress of self-assembly technology applied to the stabilization of essential oil of traditional Chinese medicine.

Wound healing is a complex biological process regulated by multiple cells, factors, and signaling pathways. Delayed healing, non-healing wounds, and excessive scar formation seriously affect patients’ quality of life. Therefore, accelerating the healing speed and improving aesthetic outcomes have become major clinical concerns. Zicao (Arnebiae Radix) is a traditional Chinese medicine with the effects of “cooling the blood, promoting circulation, detoxifying, and generating flesh,” and has been widely used since antiquity to treat ulcers, burns, and other wounds. Modern studies have revealed that its main active components include naphthoquinones, polysaccharides, and phenolic acids, which exert multiple pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, pro-angiogenic, and re-epithelialization-promoting activities. During wound healing, Arnebiae Radix can act on multiple targets and at multiple stages to regulate inflammation, promote granulation tissue maturation, accelerate epithelial regeneration, and improve scar structure, thereby comprehensively facilitating wound healing. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms of Arnebiae Radix and its topical preparations in different phases of wound healing, and provides an overview of both traditional and modern dosage forms, aiming to offer a reference for further research and clinical application of Arnebiae Radix in wound healing.

Microwave processing technology has been under investigation for nearly 40 years, with research conducted for over 30 types of herbs. This technology offers advantages such as concentrated energy, efficient heating, energy savings, and cleanliness, gradually emerging as a promising alternative to traditional fire-processing and combined water-fire processing methods. With the widespread adoption and intelligent development of industrial microwave equipment, the conditions for industrializing microwave processing technology in traditional Chinese medicine have become increasingly favorable. However, its large-scale application still faces several bottlenecks. This paper systematically elaborates on the basic principles of microwave processing, analyzes factors affecting heating uniformity, and examines key challenges in the industrialization process. Based on these, it proposes solutions including deepening research into the interaction mechanisms between microwaves and medicinal materials, developing specialized microwave processing equipment and intelligent control systems, establishing process scale-up methods based on multi-physical field simulations, and constructing quality evaluation systems tailored to the characteristics of microwave processing. Furthermore, from the perspective of regulatory science for Chinese medicinal decoction pieces and aligned with national policy directions, it offers regulatory recommendations to improve relevant standards and normative systems. The aim is to promote the scientific and standardized application of microwave processing technology in traditional Chinese medicine processing, thereby facilitating the inheritance, innovation, and industrial transformation of this field.

At present, there are certain technical review standards and practical cases for the technical review of traditional Chinese medicine preparation registration in medical institutions in Jiangxi Province. However, with the continuous development of traditional Chinese medicine and the increasingly updated clinical needs, it is particularly important to conduct more in-depth discussion and improvement of technical review requirements. The purpose of this article is to deeply explore the relevant requirements for the technical review of the filing of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions, with a view to providing a scientific and reasonable reference basis for effectively standardizing the technical review of the filing of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions. Through the sorting and analysis of 127 registration and filing applications in the past five years, including the clinical needs of traditional Chinese medicine preparations prepared by traditional techniques, the challenges faced by medical institutions in the development of preparations, and the guiding role of technical review in the development of preparations, the focus is on the key points of technical review (i.e. prescription composition, preparation process, quality standards, etc.) were analyzed in depth, with a view to making the key points of drug technical review play a greater role in refining the content of application materials, standardizing the integrity of registration application materials, unifying review and approval standards, and improving registration (filing) technical review capabilities. Therefore, reasonable registration (filing) technical review points are crucial to improving the registration (filing) management of medical institutions’ preparations. They can guide medical institutions to improve the research and development level of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, standardize registration application requirements, ensure the safety and effectiveness of preparations, and promote the healthy development of traditional Chinese medicine preparations in medical institutions.