To explore the minimum effective inhibitory concentration of bacteriostatic agent in the prescription of human interferon α1b spray, and to determine the reasonable dosage of bacteriostatic agent.

Biological activity detection method was used to screen bacteriostatic agents in the prescription of human interferon α1b spray preparation, determine bacteriostatic agents. The bacteriostatic efficacy was determined according to the bacteriostatic efficacy test method of general principles 1121 of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 edition to determine the minimum effective bacteriostatic concentration of bacteriostatic agents. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were used as test strains to test the applicability of colony counting method. The dose screening test of bacteriostatic agent was designed to investigate the bacteriostatic effect of bacteriostatic agent with different concentrations on four kinds of experimental bacteria, and the reasonable dosage of bacteriostatic agent was selected.

Benzalkonium bromide was screened out as the bacteriostatic agent in the prescription of human interferon α1b spray. When the concentration of Benzalkonium bromide was 0.05-0.1 mg·mL^-1, its bacteriostatic efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger met the grade A criteria.

The minimum effective bacteriostatic concentration of benzalkonium bromide in the prescription of human interferon α1b spray is determined to be 0.05 mg·mL^-1.

To compare the differences in identification tests of vacant gelatin capsules and enterosoluble vacant gelatin capsules in the four national pharmacopoeias, optimize the identification test methods and improve the specificity of identification results.

The biuret method was used to identify vacant gelatin capsules and enterosoluble vacant gelatin capsules, and an appropriate amount of adsorbed activated carbon was added to eliminate the masking effect of pigments in capsules.

The identification method was optimized, the pigment in the capsule solution was adsorbed by activated carbon, and the capsule solution showed a clarified colorless solution, which could produce a distinct violet after the color development by biuret reaction.

This method can significantly improve the specificity of vacant gelatin capsules and enterosoluble vacant gelatin capsules identification compared with domestic and foreign pharmacopoeia methods. It can provide scientific and reasonable revision suggestions for the optimization and improvement of the identification test of vacant gelatin capsules and enterosoluble vacant gelatin capsules in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

To analyze the chemical constituents of Quyusanjie capsules by LC/MS, and establish a method for the determination of active ingredients in Quyusanjie capsules.

Using UPLC-Q TOF MS/MS technology, the Hypersil Gold C₁₈ column(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) was used, the mobile phase was acetonitrile(A) and 0.1% formic acid in water(B) with gradient elution, at a flow rate of 0.4 mL·min^-1, the the column temperature was 40.0 ℃, and the mass spectrometry data was collected by negative ions mode scanning. Through database matching, elemental composition and fragment structure analysis, the main chemical substances in Quyusanjie capsules were identified. HPLC was used to qualitatively analyze the chemical components of Quyusanjie capsules. The Ultimate^® AQ-C₁₈ column(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used, the mobile phase was acetonitrile(A) -0.1% phosphoric acid(B) with gradient elution at the flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1, the column temperature was 25 ℃, and the detection wavelength was 203 nm. The content of naringin, neohesperidin, notoginsenoside R₁, ginsenoside Rg₁, and ginsenoside Rb₁ in 11 different batches of Quyusanjie capsules were determined using external standard method. QAMS method was established using ginsenoside Rg₁ as the internal reference.

Twenty-nine compounds were identified from Quyusanjie capsule. The contents of naringin, neohesperidin, notoginsenoside R₁, ginsenoside Rg₁ and ginsenoside Rb₁ measured by external standard method were 0.484-1.097 mg·g^-1, 0.341-0.618 mg·g^-1, 1.685-2.399 mg·g^-1, 5.748-8.386 mg·g^-1, 3.868-5.898 mg·g ^-1, respectively. Measured with the QAMS method, the contents of naringin, neohesperidin, notoginsenoside R₁ and ginsenoside Rb₁ were 0.516-1.153 mg·g^-1, 0.372-0.667 mg·g^-1, 1.794-2.580 mg·g^-1, 4.373-6.690 mg·g^-1, respectively. The relative error between the calculated values of the QAMS method and the measured value of the external standard method was less than 8.9%.

UPLC-Q TOF MS/MS method can quickly identify the chemical components of Quyusanjie capsules. The established external standard method is stable and reliable, and can be used for the quality control of Quyusanjie capsules. The method of QAMS has good feasibility and is suitable for the determination of the daily production of Quyusanjie capsules.

To predict potential quality markers(Q-Marker) of Taxus media Rehd. based on fingerprint and network pharmacology methods, and establish an evaluation method of Taxus media Rehd. based on Q-Marker, as so to provide basis for the establishment of quality standard and quality evaluation system of Taxus media Rehd..

Waters SymmmetryShield^TM RP18(250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) chromatographic column was used for separation, and the wavelength was 254 nm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile -0.01% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous solution for gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min^-1, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The injection volume was 10 μL. The fingerprints of 24 batches of Taxus media Rehd. with 8 kinds of cultivation years were established and the common peaks were identified. Hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) was used for classification, orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to screen out the main marker components that cause differences between different years. Combined with network pharmacology, the core targets and key pathways were constructed a “component-target-pathway” network map through corresponding databases. Q-Markers were further verified and quality of Taxus media Rehd. comprehensively evaluated by HCA and PCA.

A total of 25 common peaks were obtained in the HPLC fingerprint of Taxus media Rehd., 18 compounds were identified, and their similarities were all above 0.900, including taxanes, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and phenols. The results of HCA showed that there were some differences among samples with different cultivation years. Eleven different markers were screened by OPLS-DA, and they were paclitaxel, 10-deacetylbaccatin Ⅲ (10-DAB), baccatin Ⅲ, cephalomannine, deacetyltaxol (10-DAT), ferulic acid, kaempferide, rutin, amentoflavone-4’, 4", 7-trimethyl ether, skyrin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Based on the difference markers, network pharmacology was applied to analyze them from the perspective of effectiveness. Paclitaxel, 10-DAB, bakatine Ⅲ, cephalomannine and 10-DAT were preliminstly predicted as Q-Markers of Taxus media Rehd.. They could regulate cancer pathway, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications and other signaling pathways by PIK3R1, AKT1, EGFR, HRAS and MAPK1 targets, and play the role of reducing swelling and menstruation diuresis clearing. The results of HCA verified the rationality of Q-Marker, and the comprehensive evaluation results of PCA showed that sample which was cultivated for ten years and harvested in spring bore the best quality.

Paclitaxel, 10-DAB, bakatine Ⅲ, cephalomannine and 10-DAT are selected as Q-Markers based on fingerprint and network pharmacological methods. The quality of Taxus media Rehd. in different cultivation years is sorted comprehensively by combining with chemical recognition pattern method. The 10-year-old sample harvested in spring gets the highest score and the quality is good. The study provides new method for establishing of quality standard and the quality evaluation of Taxus media Rehd..

To prepare and investigate the content determination of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS) loading film.

Taking chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol as film-forming materials, N-CWS film was prepared by solution casting method. The film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and universal tensile testing machine. Determination of arabinose in N-CWS film was carried out by HPLC. The Kromasil C₁₈ column(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was adopted, with the elution of 50 mmol·L^-1 phosphate buffer (pH 7.0)-acetonitrile (80∶20, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min^-1, the detection wavelength was 254 nm, and the column temperature was 40 ℃.

When the mass ratio of chitosan to polyvinyl alcohol was 3∶2 and the mass ratio of membrane material to glycerol was 1∶2, the tensile modulus reached 2.47 mPa and the tensile strain at break was 136.67%. Scanning electron microscopy showed that N-CWS was distributed asymmetrically on the bottom of the film. The linear relationship of D-arabinose in the prepared film was good in the range of 1.1-220 μg·mL^-1, and the average recovery rate was 99.5%. The determination results of three batchs N-CWS films showed that the contents of D-arabinose in the films were (0.988±0.041) mg·g^-1, (1.035±0.049) mg·g^-1, (1.088±0.046) mg·g^-1, respectively.

The preparation process of N-CWS loading film is simple and feasible, and the content determination method is accurate and fast. This study can provide reference for the development of new dosage forms of N-CWS.

To establish a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of atorvastatin, two activity-related hydroxy statin metabolites and three toxicity-related statin lactones in human plasma, and its application to the study of pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects and the analysis of concentrations in patients.

After acidification, plasma samples were treated by protein precipitation. The LC separation was performed on a Zorbarx SB-C₁₈(50 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm) column. Methanol-acetonitrile (1∶1) water-methanol-acetonitrile (9∶0.5∶0.5) containing 0.05% formic acid were used as the mobile phases for gradient elution, and the flow rate was 0.35 mL·min^-1. The electric spray ionization source, positive ion mode and multi-reaction monitoring scanning were adopted for MS detection. The m/z of each targeted analyte was 559.3→440.2 for atorvastatin, 575.1→440.3 for 2-hydroxy atorvastatin acid (2-HAT) and 4-hydroxy atorvastatin acid (4-HAT), 540.9→448.2 for atorvastatin lactone (ATL), 557.2→448.2 for 2-hydroxy atorvastatin lactone (2-HATL) and 4-hydroxy atorvastatin lactone (4-HATL), and 422.2→290.0 for the internal standard of pitavastatin. After a full method validation, the developed LC-MS/MS method was used to determine the plasma samples of healthy subjects and patients after taking atorvastatin calcium tablets, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of atorvastatin and five metabolites were analyzed.

The calibration curves of atorvastatin and its metabolites presented a good linear relationship in the range of 0.1-25 nmol·L^-1. The RSD of intra-and inter-day precision and the RE of accuracy were all less than 15%, and the stability was well tolerated under different conditions. In healthy subjects after oral administration of 20 mg atorvastatin calcium tablets, the respective mean values of C_max for atorvastatin, 2-HAT, 4-HAT, ATL, 2-HATL and 4-HATL were 11.48, 4.71, 0.28, 1.71, 2.52 and 2.31 nmol·L^-1, AUC_0-∞ were 87.31, 58.79, 8.60, 28.75, 45.76, 31.49 nmol·h·L^-1, t_1/2 were 7.96, 7.93, 19.58, 8.76, 8.98 and 21.37 h. After 12 h of administration, the average blood concentrations of atorvastatin, 2-HAT, 4-HAT, ATL, 2-HATL and 4-HATL in the patient were (4.16±1.31) nmol·L^-1, (2.65±1.33) nmol·L^-1, (1.15±1.16) nmol·L^-1, (2.96±1.83) nmol·L^-1, (4.27±2.00) nmol·L^-1 and (3.70±1.74) nmol·L^-1.

The method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of atorvastatin and five metabolites in human plasma established in this study is accurate, rapid, sensitive and stable, and can be used for clinical pharmacokinetics research and plasma drug concentration monitoring. The clinical studies revealed that toxicity related lactone metabolites have a high level of exposure in humans, which requires attention to the possible risk of side effects.

To develop a high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of vildagliptin in human anticoagulant plasma with ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid and apply it to the study of pharmacokinetics.

¹³C-¹⁵N-vildagliptin was used as internal standard (IS). After extraction from human plasma by protein precipitation with acetonitrile, all components were separated by a Hypurity C₁₈ column (150 mm×2.1 mm, 5 μm), using a gradient elution procedure consisting of methanol and 5 mmol·L^-1 ammonium formate at a flow rate of 0.5 mL·min^-1, and the column temperature was 40 ℃. Injection volume was just 2 μL. Positive electrospray ionization was performed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with transitions of m/z 304.3→154.2 for vildagliptin and m/z 310.3→160.3 for internal standard. Specificity, standard curve, lower limit of quantification, precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability were examined. Then this method was used to determine the plasma concentration of veragliptin in healthy subjects.

The calibration curve of vildagliptin in human plasma was linear over the concentration range of 1.11 to 534.0 ng·mL^-1. The lower limit of quantitation was 1.11 ng·mL^-1. The intra-and inter-day precisions at four quality control levels were within 0.9%-8.5%, and the accuracy was within 99.8%-109.3%. The data of short-term stability at room temperature displayed that the accuracy percentage of LQC samples was 92.0% for 0.5 h exposure, 87.6% for 1 h exposure, 71.2% for 2 h exposure. These of LQC samples chilled on ice was 102.0% for 0.5 h exposure, 94.5% for 1 h exposure, 86.6% for 2 h exposure. These results showed a phenomenon that there was a possible degradation of vildagliptin in plasma. The results of extraction recovery and matrix effect and other stability met the requirements of biological sample analysis. The pharmacokinetic study results of 8 healthy subjects showed that t_1/2 was (1.49±0.37) h, t_max was (2.06±1.11) h, C_max was (290.94±100.36) ng·mL^-1, AUC_{0-24 h} was (1 343.46±186.89) ng·h·mL^-1, AUC_0-∞ was (1 351.31±188.79) ng·h·mL^-1.

This method is easy to operate, has high specificity, and sensitivity. It has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of 8 healthy subjects after oral administration of 50 mg vigagliptin tablets on an empty stomach. Therefore, it can be used as a reliable detection method for human pharmacokinetic research and therapeutic drug monitoring.

To establish an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of the abundance data of dexamethasone-related metabolic enzymes and transporters in the placenta of Chinese pregnant women.

A Shim-pack GISS-HP C₁₈ (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) chromatographic column was used, and the mobile phases were consisted of 0.2% formic acid-water (phase A) and 0.2% formic acid-acetonitrile (phase B) with gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL·min^-1. The post-column phase C consisted of 0.5% ethylene glycol-acetonitrile was added at a flow rate of 0.1 mL·min^-1, and the ESI source positive ion MRM mode was used for quantitative analysis. The established method was investigated methodologically and the expression levels of 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1(11β-HSD1), 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2(11β-HSD2), cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme (CYP3A4) and P-glycoprotein protein (P-gp) were quantitatively analyzed in the placenta of Chinese pregnant women in the third trimester.

The established LC-MS/MS method had a linear range of 0.1-100 nmol·L^-1(r >0.999). The precision and accuracy results met the requirements of the biological sample analysis method verification in Chinese Pharmacopoeia (RSD≤15%), and the stability results showed that the samples were stability. The protein abundance of 11β-HSD2, 11β-HSD1, CYP3A4 and P-gp were (84.46±59.97) pmol·g^-1, (11.44±3.73) pmol·g^-1, (8.83±2.78) pmol·g^-1 and (7.94±4.10) pmol·g^-1, respectively. Besides, the results of the study also showed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of related metabolic enzymes and transporters in different parts of the placenta. However, there was a significant difference in the abundance of P-gp in the placenta between Chinese people (7.94±4.10) pmol·g^-1 and white people (4.41±2.46) pmol·g^-1.

The LC-MS/MS method established in this study has high accuracy and sensitivity and is suitable for detecting the abundance values of dexamethasone-related metabolic enzymes and transporters in human placenta.