Article(id=1320880538236343196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080177, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755446400000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852061089, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1789401600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852061089, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852061089, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852061089, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320880262012056083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='18', pageStart='1', pageEnd='613', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1789401600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792851995232, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792921655980, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321172440479290196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320880262012056083, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=95, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320880538416698269, articleId=1320880538236343196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Dynamic Evaluation of Stability, Sensory Characteristics, and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity During Storage of a Whey Fermented Beverage Derived from Milk Dregs By-product, columnId=1320880469017735237, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Food Components and Quality Mechanisms, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To effectively utilize the substantial by-product, whey, generated during the processing of characteristic dairy product milk dregs on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, this study utilized whey from Senburi Village, Gagong County, Shannan City, Tibet, as the raw material to prepare a kefir-fermented beverage. The effects of different sterilization methods and sucrose addition levels on the storage stability, sensory characteristics, and in vitro antioxidant activity of the whey beverage during storage (4 ℃) were systematically investigated. Results indicated that post-fermentation sterilization significantly (P<0.05) reduced the acidification rate, centrifugal sedimentation rate, and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazinyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging rate of whey beverages, while enhancing viscosity and the scavenging rate of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+). Under set sterilization conditions, the beverages with 9% (w/w) sucrose exhibited the fastest acidification rate (P<0.05) and the lowest (P<0.05) centrifugal sedimentation rate on day 28 of storage, alongside the highest (P<0.05) apparent viscosity and free amino acid content. In contrast, the sugar-free formulation demonstrated significantly higher (P<0.05) DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging rates than other groups on the first day of storage, recorded as 95.28%±3.29% and 63.58%±0.11%, respectively. Consequently, the beverage with 9% sucrose undergoing post-fermentation sterilization demonstrated optimal storage stability and sensory acceptance, while the sucrose-free formula was more beneficial for enhancing antioxidant function. This research provides novel insights for enhancing the efficient utilization of whey resources in Tibet, exploring sustainable development models for the whey industry, and diversifying the functional beverage market.

, authors=Fan HE, Rencuomu CI, Danyangzong CI, Mu LA, Diru LIU*, authorsList=Fan HE, Rencuomu CI, Danyangzong CI, Mu LA, Diru LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Diru LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320880539557548966, articleId=1320880538236343196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=奶渣副产物乳清发酵饮料的稳定性、感官特性和体外抗氧化活性动态评价, columnId=1320880469198090311, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=食品组分与品质机制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了有效利用青藏高原地区的特色乳制品奶渣在加工过程中产生的大量副产物——乳清,本研究以产自西藏山南市噶贡县森不日村的乳清为原料,制备了一款开菲尔发酵饮料,系统评估了不同的杀菌方式和白砂糖添加量对乳清饮料在贮藏期(4 ℃)的稳定性、感官特性和体外抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,发酵后的二次杀菌显著降低了乳清饮料的酸化速率、离心沉淀率和1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)自由基清除率(P<0.05),但提高了其粘度和2,2-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸阳离子(ABTS+)自由基清除率(P<0.05)。当杀菌条件一定时,白砂糖添加量为9%(w/w)的乳清饮料的酸化速率最快,其离心沉淀率在第28 d最低(P<0.05),粘度与游离氨基酸含量最高(P<0.05);无糖配方的乳清饮料在贮藏期第1 d具有显著高于其他组的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率(P<0.05),分别为95.28%±3.29%和63.58%±0.11%。因此,白砂糖添加量为9%、发酵后采用二次杀菌处理的开菲尔发酵乳清饮料在贮藏期具有最佳稳定性和感官接受度,无糖配方更有利于提高乳清饮料的抗氧化功能。该研究为提高西藏地区乳清资源的高效利用,探索乳清产业绿色发展新模式以及丰富功能饮料市场提供了新的思路。

, authors=何帆, 次仁措姆, 次旦央宗, 拉姆, 刘迪茹*, authorsList=何帆, 次仁措姆, 次旦央宗, 拉姆, 刘迪茹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘迪茹, authorNote=

何帆(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能食品开发,肠道微生物等,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘迪茹(1990−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:药食两用资源开发,功能食品开发,免疫与肠道微生态等,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xJfTYlXnYaqd4GklZx66aQ==, magXml=Vm62giANDoor9V1mm4airg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YiWWU3EUQIcAt0Dtm9+2FQ==, pdfFileSize=1305452, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=KqMCzrkg7MVBaWc/6lWFyQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=e6Z1o2867Wa8EpIxJyiOyg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320880539867927467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hef2020@lzu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320880539943424941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, authorId=1320880539867927467, language=EN, stringName=Fan HE, firstName=Fan, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320880540010533806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, authorId=1320880539867927467, language=CN, stringName=何帆, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=兰州大学公共卫生学院,甘肃兰州 730000, bio={"content":"

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Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2025, 46(2): 301−307., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320880539779847079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880539792429992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, companyId=1320880539779847079, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320880539800818601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, companyId=1320880539779847079, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=兰州大学公共卫生学院,甘肃兰州 730000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320880543437280210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=pH and its acidification rate during storage of whey beverage, figureFileSmall=UvrCmEM5795nnjtvZ/ve3Q==, figureFileBig=KqMCzrkg7MVBaWc/6lWFyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880543516971987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=CN, label=图1, caption=乳清饮料在贮藏期的pH及其酸化速率

注:不同小写字母表示组内差异显著(P<0.05);**或不同大写字母表示同一贮藏期组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=UvrCmEM5795nnjtvZ/ve3Q==, figureFileBig=KqMCzrkg7MVBaWc/6lWFyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880543726687188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Viscosity (a) and centrifugal (b) of whey beverage during storage, figureFileSmall=I4oSpIAcBXdXRKl2GICdzg==, figureFileBig=JQfoHJcgVkFc4W6truahUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880543797990357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=CN, label=图2, caption=乳清饮料在贮藏期的粘度(a)和离心沉淀率(b)

注:不同小写字母表示组内差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示组间(同一贮藏期,杀菌条件相同,白砂糖添加量不同)差异显著(P<0.05);*表示组间(同一贮藏期,白砂糖添加量相同,杀菌条件不同)差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。

, figureFileSmall=I4oSpIAcBXdXRKl2GICdzg==, figureFileBig=JQfoHJcgVkFc4W6truahUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880543865099222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Total viable count of lactic acid bacteria in whey beverage during storage, figureFileSmall=RLqYtaFpPfGq6u8W7xNS0Q==, figureFileBig=Ur0SJFZBGnqm0xWSmsSHFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880543940596695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=CN, label=图3, caption=乳清饮料在贮藏期的乳酸菌活菌总数

注:不同小写字母表示组内差异显著(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示同一贮藏期组间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=RLqYtaFpPfGq6u8W7xNS0Q==, figureFileBig=Ur0SJFZBGnqm0xWSmsSHFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880544024482776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Sensory score of whey beverage during storage, figureFileSmall=itgjEzQlsF82nfUX3Y4ZhA==, figureFileBig=ji3gC9x8EpOK4FsGwTGvHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880544091591641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=CN, label=图4, caption=乳清饮料在贮藏期的感官评价

注:a. 白砂糖添加量为0%,无二次杀菌;b. 白砂糖添加量为0%,二次杀菌;c. 白砂糖添加量为7%,无二次杀菌;d. 白砂糖添加量为7%,二次杀菌;e. 白砂糖添加量为9%,无二次杀菌;f. 白砂糖添加量为9%,二次杀菌;g. 白砂糖添加量为11%,无二次杀菌;h. 白砂糖添加量为11%,二次杀菌。

, figureFileSmall=itgjEzQlsF82nfUX3Y4ZhA==, figureFileBig=ji3gC9x8EpOK4FsGwTGvHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320880544171283418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation rules of whey beverage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
色泽(20)口感(30)气味和滋味(30)组织状态(20)
色泽均一,呈乳白色(14~20)口感细腻顺滑,粘度适中(21~30)有发酵香味和酒香味,酸甜适中,可接受度高(23~30)组织均匀,完全没有分层或沉淀(14~20)
色泽较为均一,呈淡黄绿色(8~13)口感较为顺滑,粘度过大(11~20)香味较淡,酸甜适中,可接受度一般(16~22)组织较均匀,基本无分层或沉淀(8~13)
色泽不均一,呈黄绿色(0~7)口感粗糙,有颗粒感(0~10)无香味,过酸或过甜,可接受度差(8~15)组织不均匀,有明显分层或沉淀(0~7)
有异味,过酸或过甜,不可接受(0~7)
), ArticleFig(id=1320880544255169499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

乳清饮料的感官评定细则

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
色泽(20)口感(30)气味和滋味(30)组织状态(20)
色泽均一,呈乳白色(14~20)口感细腻顺滑,粘度适中(21~30)有发酵香味和酒香味,酸甜适中,可接受度高(23~30)组织均匀,完全没有分层或沉淀(14~20)
色泽较为均一,呈淡黄绿色(8~13)口感较为顺滑,粘度过大(11~20)香味较淡,酸甜适中,可接受度一般(16~22)组织较均匀,基本无分层或沉淀(8~13)
色泽不均一,呈黄绿色(0~7)口感粗糙,有颗粒感(0~10)无香味,过酸或过甜,可接受度差(8~15)组织不均匀,有明显分层或沉淀(0~7)
有异味,过酸或过甜,不可接受(0~7)
), ArticleFig(id=1320880544322278364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic components and physicochemical properties of whey raw material

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目乳清原料
密度(kg/m3)1010.50±0.10
脂肪(%)0.39±0.00
蛋白质(%)1.17±0.01
乳糖(%)3.27±0.02
非脂乳固体(%)5.24±0.01
全乳固体(%)4.99±0.00
低聚糖(%)2.14±0.03
乳酸(%)0.221±0.00
游离脂肪酸(mevk/L)0.615±0.012
尿素(mg/100 mL)59.43±0.27
酪蛋白(%)0.77±0.00
pH4.54±0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320880544385192925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

乳清原料的基本成分和理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目乳清原料
密度(kg/m3)1010.50±0.10
脂肪(%)0.39±0.00
蛋白质(%)1.17±0.01
乳糖(%)3.27±0.02
非脂乳固体(%)5.24±0.01
全乳固体(%)4.99±0.00
低聚糖(%)2.14±0.03
乳酸(%)0.221±0.00
游离脂肪酸(mevk/L)0.615±0.012
尿素(mg/100 mL)59.43±0.27
酪蛋白(%)0.77±0.00
pH4.54±0.04
), ArticleFig(id=1320880544452301790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Differential free amino acids in whey beverage (post-fermentation secondary sterilization) during storage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏期
(d)
白砂糖添加量含量(mmol/L)
苏氨酸
(Thr)
缬氨酸
(Val)
异亮氨酸
(Ile)
亮氨酸
(Leu)
苯丙氨酸
(Phe)
赖氨酸
(Lys)
组氨酸
(His)
丝氨酸
(Ser)
谷氨酸
(Glu)
甘氨酸
(Gly)
丙氨酸
(Ala)
精氨酸
(Arg)
脯氨酸
(Pro)
游离氨基酸
总含量
甜味苦味苦味苦味苦味无味苦味甜味鲜味甜味甜味苦味无味
17%0.09±0.03aB0.25±0.01aB0.09±0.02aB0.30±0.02aB0.09±0.01aA0.06±0.00aA0.19±0.01aB0.14±0.05aA0.14±0.05aB0.02±0.01aA0.11±0.05aB0.82±0.05aA0.11±0.01aA2.68±0.20bB
9%0.17±0.01aA0.33±0.01aA0.15±0.01aAB0.43±0.01aAB0.12±0.01aA0.08±0.00aA0.24±0.02aAB0.22±0.01aA0.37±0.01aA0.03±0.01aA0.17±0.01aAB0.89±0.04aA0.15±0.02aA3.51±0.11aAB
11%0.21±0.05aA0.40±0.11aA0.19±0.06aA0.54±0.13aA0.15±0.05aA0.09±0.02aA0.30±0.08aA0.25±0.05aA0.44±0.15aA0.04±0.04aA0.28±0.06aA0.93±0.08aA0.19±0.06aA4.23±0.62aA
77%0.12±0.01aB0.22±0.01aB0.09±0.01aB0.27±0.02aB0.09±0.02aA0.05±0.00aB0.17±0.03aB0.15±0.01aB0.26±0.01aB0.03±0.01aA0.18±0.04aB0.69±0.05aC0.13±0.01aA2.58±0.25bB
9%0.17±0.01aA0.31±0.04aA0.14±0.02aAB0.39±0.04aAB0.11±0.01aA0.07±0.01aAB0.21±0.06aAB0.21±0.03aAB0.35±0.06aAB0.04±0.01aA0.16±0.02aB0.81±0.11aB0.15±0.02aA3.29±0.40aAB
11%0.23±0.06aA0.43±0.11aA0.19±0.06aA0.56±0.10aA0.15±0.03aA0.11±0.01aA0.36±0.05aA0.28±0.04aA0.47±0.15aA0.07±0.02aA0.25±0.03aA1.03±0.05aA0.20±0.07aA4.52±0.71aA
147%0.15±0.00aB0.28±0.01aA0.10±0.01aA0.32±0.00aB0.10±0.01aA0.07±0.00aA0.23±0.00aB0.19±0.00aA0.32±0.01aA0.03±0.00aB0.06±0.00aB0.84±0.01aB0.11±0.01aA2.94±0.03bB
9%0.19±0.01aB0.36±0.03aA0.16±0.02aA0.45±0.04aAB0.12±0.00aA0.08±0.01aA0.29±0.02aA0.24±0.01aA0.39±0.04aA0.05±0.00aAB0.21±0.02aA0.96±0.03aAB0.16±0.01aA3.90±0.21aA
11%0.21±0.06aA0.39±0.12aA0.17±0.06aA0.50±0.14aA0.14±0.03aA0.09±0.02aA0.31±0.04aA0.25±0.06aA0.31±0.06*aA0.06±0.02aA0.21±0.03aA1.01±0.08aA0.16±0.07aA3.92±0.72aA
217%0.14±0.01aB0.22±0.03aB0.10±0.01aB0.27±0.02aC0.08±0.00aB0.06±0.01aB0.18±0.01aB0.16±0.01aB0.27±0.05aB0.03±0.00aA0.13±0.01aB0.66±0.05aB0.11±0.01aA2.56±0.18bC
9%0.18±0.03aAB0.32±0.05aAB0.14±0.01aAB0.41±0.06aB0.11±0.01aAB0.08±0.01aB0.31±0.07aAB0.22±0.03aAB0.37±0.03aAB0.05±0.02aA0.19±0.03aA0.94±0.12aA0.14±0.02aA3.63±0.50aB
11%0.26±0.05aA0.44±0.08aA0.21±0.03aA0.60±0.06aA0.16±0.02aA0.11±0.01aA0.45±0.03bA0.29±0.05aA0.52±0.15aA0.07±0.03aA0.32±0.02aA1.06±0.07aA0.20±0.07aA4.93±0.48aA
287%0.15±0.01aB0.27±0.01aB0.12±0.01aB0.32±0.03aB0.08±0.00aB0.07±0.00aB0.25±0.04aB0.17±0.02aC0.28±0.03aB0.03±0.00aA0.20±0.05aA0.82±0.07aB0.12±0.01aB3.03±0.21aC
9%0.20±0.01aA0.33±0.01aA0.15±0.01aAB0.41±0.02aAB0.12±0.01aAB0.08±0.01aB0.31±0.00aAB0.23±0.01aB0.39±0.04aA0.04±0.00aA0.18±0.02aA0.87±0.03aB0.16±0.02aAB3.66±0.15aB
11%0.24±0.02aA0.42±0.07aA0.20±0.03aA0.56±0.05aA0.16±0.03aA0.11±0.00aA0.44±0.02bA0.27±0.01aA0.46±0.10aA0.06±0.02aA0.27±0.02aA1.03±0.03aA0.21±0.04aA4.64±0.28aA
), ArticleFig(id=1320880544523604959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

贮藏期间乳清饮料(发酵后二次杀菌)中的差异性游离氨基酸

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏期
(d)
白砂糖添加量含量(mmol/L)
苏氨酸
(Thr)
缬氨酸
(Val)
异亮氨酸
(Ile)
亮氨酸
(Leu)
苯丙氨酸
(Phe)
赖氨酸
(Lys)
组氨酸
(His)
丝氨酸
(Ser)
谷氨酸
(Glu)
甘氨酸
(Gly)
丙氨酸
(Ala)
精氨酸
(Arg)
脯氨酸
(Pro)
游离氨基酸
总含量
甜味苦味苦味苦味苦味无味苦味甜味鲜味甜味甜味苦味无味
17%0.09±0.03aB0.25±0.01aB0.09±0.02aB0.30±0.02aB0.09±0.01aA0.06±0.00aA0.19±0.01aB0.14±0.05aA0.14±0.05aB0.02±0.01aA0.11±0.05aB0.82±0.05aA0.11±0.01aA2.68±0.20bB
9%0.17±0.01aA0.33±0.01aA0.15±0.01aAB0.43±0.01aAB0.12±0.01aA0.08±0.00aA0.24±0.02aAB0.22±0.01aA0.37±0.01aA0.03±0.01aA0.17±0.01aAB0.89±0.04aA0.15±0.02aA3.51±0.11aAB
11%0.21±0.05aA0.40±0.11aA0.19±0.06aA0.54±0.13aA0.15±0.05aA0.09±0.02aA0.30±0.08aA0.25±0.05aA0.44±0.15aA0.04±0.04aA0.28±0.06aA0.93±0.08aA0.19±0.06aA4.23±0.62aA
77%0.12±0.01aB0.22±0.01aB0.09±0.01aB0.27±0.02aB0.09±0.02aA0.05±0.00aB0.17±0.03aB0.15±0.01aB0.26±0.01aB0.03±0.01aA0.18±0.04aB0.69±0.05aC0.13±0.01aA2.58±0.25bB
9%0.17±0.01aA0.31±0.04aA0.14±0.02aAB0.39±0.04aAB0.11±0.01aA0.07±0.01aAB0.21±0.06aAB0.21±0.03aAB0.35±0.06aAB0.04±0.01aA0.16±0.02aB0.81±0.11aB0.15±0.02aA3.29±0.40aAB
11%0.23±0.06aA0.43±0.11aA0.19±0.06aA0.56±0.10aA0.15±0.03aA0.11±0.01aA0.36±0.05aA0.28±0.04aA0.47±0.15aA0.07±0.02aA0.25±0.03aA1.03±0.05aA0.20±0.07aA4.52±0.71aA
147%0.15±0.00aB0.28±0.01aA0.10±0.01aA0.32±0.00aB0.10±0.01aA0.07±0.00aA0.23±0.00aB0.19±0.00aA0.32±0.01aA0.03±0.00aB0.06±0.00aB0.84±0.01aB0.11±0.01aA2.94±0.03bB
9%0.19±0.01aB0.36±0.03aA0.16±0.02aA0.45±0.04aAB0.12±0.00aA0.08±0.01aA0.29±0.02aA0.24±0.01aA0.39±0.04aA0.05±0.00aAB0.21±0.02aA0.96±0.03aAB0.16±0.01aA3.90±0.21aA
11%0.21±0.06aA0.39±0.12aA0.17±0.06aA0.50±0.14aA0.14±0.03aA0.09±0.02aA0.31±0.04aA0.25±0.06aA0.31±0.06*aA0.06±0.02aA0.21±0.03aA1.01±0.08aA0.16±0.07aA3.92±0.72aA
217%0.14±0.01aB0.22±0.03aB0.10±0.01aB0.27±0.02aC0.08±0.00aB0.06±0.01aB0.18±0.01aB0.16±0.01aB0.27±0.05aB0.03±0.00aA0.13±0.01aB0.66±0.05aB0.11±0.01aA2.56±0.18bC
9%0.18±0.03aAB0.32±0.05aAB0.14±0.01aAB0.41±0.06aB0.11±0.01aAB0.08±0.01aB0.31±0.07aAB0.22±0.03aAB0.37±0.03aAB0.05±0.02aA0.19±0.03aA0.94±0.12aA0.14±0.02aA3.63±0.50aB
11%0.26±0.05aA0.44±0.08aA0.21±0.03aA0.60±0.06aA0.16±0.02aA0.11±0.01aA0.45±0.03bA0.29±0.05aA0.52±0.15aA0.07±0.03aA0.32±0.02aA1.06±0.07aA0.20±0.07aA4.93±0.48aA
287%0.15±0.01aB0.27±0.01aB0.12±0.01aB0.32±0.03aB0.08±0.00aB0.07±0.00aB0.25±0.04aB0.17±0.02aC0.28±0.03aB0.03±0.00aA0.20±0.05aA0.82±0.07aB0.12±0.01aB3.03±0.21aC
9%0.20±0.01aA0.33±0.01aA0.15±0.01aAB0.41±0.02aAB0.12±0.01aAB0.08±0.01aB0.31±0.00aAB0.23±0.01aB0.39±0.04aA0.04±0.00aA0.18±0.02aA0.87±0.03aB0.16±0.02aAB3.66±0.15aB
11%0.24±0.02aA0.42±0.07aA0.20±0.03aA0.56±0.05aA0.16±0.03aA0.11±0.00aA0.44±0.02bA0.27±0.01aA0.46±0.10aA0.06±0.02aA0.27±0.02aA1.03±0.03aA0.21±0.04aA4.64±0.28aA
), ArticleFig(id=1320880544607491040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Antioxidant function of whey beverage during storage

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏期(d)发酵后是否二次杀菌白砂糖添加量DPPH自由基清除率(%)ABTS+自由基清除率(%)FRAP值
(mmol/L)
1是0%95.28±3.29aA63.58±0.11aA0.54±0.14aB
7%73.11±7.89aC*36.64±0.44aC*0.62±0.08aA
9%82.69±1.04aB41.38±1.03aB0.62±0.22aA*
11%66.88±3.24aC38.88±2.64aBC0.61±0.10aA
否0%94.30±2.21aA62.03±0.80aA0.40±0.08aA
7%88.23±14.52aAB*33.43±2.00aC*0.41±0.04aA
9%83.47±5.08aAB39.79±3.14aB0.38±0.19aA*
11%74.27±3.80aB36.99±2.01aBC0.39±0.21aA
7是0%94.58±1.90aA62.97±0.68aA0.52±0.11aB
7%62.21±11.08abB*35.37±0.81abB*0.58±0.21bA
9%72.40±7.51bB38.59±3.12abB0.59±0.49abA
11%66.17±3.57aB36.41±1.36aB0.59±0.18aA
否0%89.35±7.29abA61.82±0.24aA0.39±0.22bA
7%86.77±4.44aAB*32.39±1.51abC*0.38±0.07bA
9%76.61±6.42aBC39.15±1.88aB0.39±0.22aA
11%66.88±3.24bC34.84±2.75abC0.39±0.12aA
14是0%90.43±3.05aA62.25±0.16bA0.47±0.29aB
7%51.82±6.00bcB*35.27±0.25abBC*0.57±0.10bcA
9%42.86±4.88cC37.42±2.31abB0.56±0.20abcA
11%54.51±2.90bC34.67±0.60abC0.59±0.16aA*
否0%82.54±1.74bcA61.45±0.21abA0.32±0.29cB
7%85.15±3.72aA*32.23±0.58abC*0.36±0.07cA
9%61.65±0.61bB38.39±2.65aB0.36±0.38abA
11%57.31±3.14cB34.05±0.57abC0.37±0.10bA*
21是0%86.62±7.44aA61.96±0.22bA0.38±0.75bB
7%42.98±1.40cB*34.95±2.78abB0.55±0.11cA
9%35.15±6.38cB*37.39±1.05abB0.54±0.10bcA
11%41.20±7.91cB34.43±1.02abB0.56±0.07bA
否0%81.02±5.62cA61.42±0.16abA0.24±0.93dB
7%77.53±1.84abA*31.86±2.31abC0.36±0.06cA
9%60.46±5.73bB*38.08±3.51aB0.36±0.20abA
11%51.51±2.63cC33.90±1.17abC0.37±0.14bA
28是0%63.55±6.39bA60.63±0.28cA0.26±0.04cB
7%19.39±5.21dC*33.15±0.18bB*0.51±0.27dA
9%17.24±1.46dC*33.70±5.13bB*0.53±0.36cA
11%39.71±7.66cB30.28±4.18bB*0.54±0.21bA
否0%70.41±0.80dA60.74±0.28bA0.21±0.15eB
7%69.08±3.49bA*29.97±0.61bC*0.34±0.15dA
9%59.78±3.20bB*36.34±3.43aB*0.35±0.14bA
11%44.23±3.16dC32.49±0.79bC*0.36±0.17bA
), ArticleFig(id=1320880544674599905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320880538236343196, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

乳清饮料在贮藏期的抗氧化能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
贮藏期(d)发酵后是否二次杀菌白砂糖添加量DPPH自由基清除率(%)ABTS+自由基清除率(%)FRAP值
(mmol/L)
1是0%95.28±3.29aA63.58±0.11aA0.54±0.14aB
7%73.11±7.89aC*36.64±0.44aC*0.62±0.08aA
9%82.69±1.04aB41.38±1.03aB0.62±0.22aA*
11%66.88±3.24aC38.88±2.64aBC0.61±0.10aA
否0%94.30±2.21aA62.03±0.80aA0.40±0.08aA
7%88.23±14.52aAB*33.43±2.00aC*0.41±0.04aA
9%83.47±5.08aAB39.79±3.14aB0.38±0.19aA*
11%74.27±3.80aB36.99±2.01aBC0.39±0.21aA
7是0%94.58±1.90aA62.97±0.68aA0.52±0.11aB
7%62.21±11.08abB*35.37±0.81abB*0.58±0.21bA
9%72.40±7.51bB38.59±3.12abB0.59±0.49abA
11%66.17±3.57aB36.41±1.36aB0.59±0.18aA
否0%89.35±7.29abA61.82±0.24aA0.39±0.22bA
7%86.77±4.44aAB*32.39±1.51abC*0.38±0.07bA
9%76.61±6.42aBC39.15±1.88aB0.39±0.22aA
11%66.88±3.24bC34.84±2.75abC0.39±0.12aA
14是0%90.43±3.05aA62.25±0.16bA0.47±0.29aB
7%51.82±6.00bcB*35.27±0.25abBC*0.57±0.10bcA
9%42.86±4.88cC37.42±2.31abB0.56±0.20abcA
11%54.51±2.90bC34.67±0.60abC0.59±0.16aA*
否0%82.54±1.74bcA61.45±0.21abA0.32±0.29cB
7%85.15±3.72aA*32.23±0.58abC*0.36±0.07cA
9%61.65±0.61bB38.39±2.65aB0.36±0.38abA
11%57.31±3.14cB34.05±0.57abC0.37±0.10bA*
21是0%86.62±7.44aA61.96±0.22bA0.38±0.75bB
7%42.98±1.40cB*34.95±2.78abB0.55±0.11cA
9%35.15±6.38cB*37.39±1.05abB0.54±0.10bcA
11%41.20±7.91cB34.43±1.02abB0.56±0.07bA
否0%81.02±5.62cA61.42±0.16abA0.24±0.93dB
7%77.53±1.84abA*31.86±2.31abC0.36±0.06cA
9%60.46±5.73bB*38.08±3.51aB0.36±0.20abA
11%51.51±2.63cC33.90±1.17abC0.37±0.14bA
28是0%63.55±6.39bA60.63±0.28cA0.26±0.04cB
7%19.39±5.21dC*33.15±0.18bB*0.51±0.27dA
9%17.24±1.46dC*33.70±5.13bB*0.53±0.36cA
11%39.71±7.66cB30.28±4.18bB*0.54±0.21bA
否0%70.41±0.80dA60.74±0.28bA0.21±0.15eB
7%69.08±3.49bA*29.97±0.61bC*0.34±0.15dA
9%59.78±3.20bB*36.34±3.43aB*0.35±0.14bA
11%44.23±3.16dC32.49±0.79bC*0.36±0.17bA
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奶渣副产物乳清发酵饮料的稳定性、感官特性和体外抗氧化活性动态评价
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何帆 , 次仁措姆 , 次旦央宗 , 拉姆 , 刘迪茹 *
食品工业科技 | 食品组分与品质机制 2026,47(18): 95-104
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食品工业科技 |食品组分与品质机制 2026 , 47 (18) : 95 -104
奶渣副产物乳清发酵饮料的稳定性、感官特性和体外抗氧化活性动态评价
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何帆 , 次仁措姆, 次旦央宗, 拉姆, 刘迪茹*
作者信息
  • 兰州大学公共卫生学院,甘肃兰州 730000
通讯作者:
刘迪茹(1990−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:药食两用资源开发,功能食品开发,免疫与肠道微生态等,E-mail:。
作者简介:

何帆(2002−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:功能食品开发,肠道微生物等,E-mail:

Dynamic Evaluation of Stability, Sensory Characteristics, and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity During Storage of a Whey Fermented Beverage Derived from Milk Dregs By-product
Fan HE , Rencuomu CI, Danyangzong CI, Mu LA, Diru LIU*
Affiliations
  • College of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2026-09-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080177
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为了有效利用青藏高原地区的特色乳制品奶渣在加工过程中产生的大量副产物——乳清,本研究以产自西藏山南市噶贡县森不日村的乳清为原料,制备了一款开菲尔发酵饮料,系统评估了不同的杀菌方式和白砂糖添加量对乳清饮料在贮藏期(4 ℃)的稳定性、感官特性和体外抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明,发酵后的二次杀菌显著降低了乳清饮料的酸化速率、离心沉淀率和1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)自由基清除率(P<0.05),但提高了其粘度和2,2-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸阳离子(ABTS+)自由基清除率(P<0.05)。当杀菌条件一定时,白砂糖添加量为9%(w/w)的乳清饮料的酸化速率最快,其离心沉淀率在第28 d最低(P<0.05),粘度与游离氨基酸含量最高(P<0.05);无糖配方的乳清饮料在贮藏期第1 d具有显著高于其他组的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率(P<0.05),分别为95.28%±3.29%和63.58%±0.11%。因此,白砂糖添加量为9%、发酵后采用二次杀菌处理的开菲尔发酵乳清饮料在贮藏期具有最佳稳定性和感官接受度,无糖配方更有利于提高乳清饮料的抗氧化功能。该研究为提高西藏地区乳清资源的高效利用,探索乳清产业绿色发展新模式以及丰富功能饮料市场提供了新的思路。

开菲尔  /  乳清  /  贮藏期  /  感官特性  /  抗氧化活性

To effectively utilize the substantial by-product, whey, generated during the processing of characteristic dairy product milk dregs on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, this study utilized whey from Senburi Village, Gagong County, Shannan City, Tibet, as the raw material to prepare a kefir-fermented beverage. The effects of different sterilization methods and sucrose addition levels on the storage stability, sensory characteristics, and in vitro antioxidant activity of the whey beverage during storage (4 ℃) were systematically investigated. Results indicated that post-fermentation sterilization significantly (P<0.05) reduced the acidification rate, centrifugal sedimentation rate, and the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazinyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging rate of whey beverages, while enhancing viscosity and the scavenging rate of 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+). Under set sterilization conditions, the beverages with 9% (w/w) sucrose exhibited the fastest acidification rate (P<0.05) and the lowest (P<0.05) centrifugal sedimentation rate on day 28 of storage, alongside the highest (P<0.05) apparent viscosity and free amino acid content. In contrast, the sugar-free formulation demonstrated significantly higher (P<0.05) DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging rates than other groups on the first day of storage, recorded as 95.28%±3.29% and 63.58%±0.11%, respectively. Consequently, the beverage with 9% sucrose undergoing post-fermentation sterilization demonstrated optimal storage stability and sensory acceptance, while the sucrose-free formula was more beneficial for enhancing antioxidant function. This research provides novel insights for enhancing the efficient utilization of whey resources in Tibet, exploring sustainable development models for the whey industry, and diversifying the functional beverage market.

kefir  /  whey  /  storage period  /  sensory characteristics  /  antioxidant activity
何帆, 次仁措姆, 次旦央宗, 拉姆, 刘迪茹. 奶渣副产物乳清发酵饮料的稳定性、感官特性和体外抗氧化活性动态评价. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (18) : 95 -104 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080177
Fan HE, Rencuomu CI, Danyangzong CI, Mu LA, Diru LIU. Dynamic Evaluation of Stability, Sensory Characteristics, and in Vitro Antioxidant Activity During Storage of a Whey Fermented Beverage Derived from Milk Dregs By-product[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (18) : 95 -104 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080177
奶渣是青藏高原地区的农牧民在自然条件下将牛乳脱脂、发酵、凝固和干燥后得到的乳制品,在其加工过程中会产生大量液态副产物乳清(Whey)。2021年西藏江孜县政府工作报告指出[1],该县2021年奶渣年产量为2001.95吨,副产物乳清产量可达1.8万吨,而这些乳清目前尚未得到任何有效开发和利用,造成乳清中大量的蛋白和乳糖资源的浪费[2],也增加了环境负担。目前,乳清的高值化利用途径多样,除转化为生物燃料、电能及化学品外[3],以其为原料开发发酵饮料亦是食品工业重要的应用方向之一。
开菲尔(Kefir)粒,起源于俄罗斯北部高加索地区,是我国藏区牧民长期盛放牛乳的羊皮袋中形成的天然发酵剂,故又称雪莲菌(Snowloats)或西藏灵菇(Tibetan mushroom),其本质是一种由酵母菌和共生细菌依附在蛋白质、多糖和碳水化合物等基质上的复杂微生物共生体系[4−5],能以动物奶、水果和蔬菜等作为发酵底物[6]。开菲尔发酵所产生的醛、酸类物质含量明显高于传统发酵乳制品,使其具有独特的感官风味[7]。此外,开菲尔发酵乳制品中含有大量有益微生物(如乳酸菌、酵母菌和醋酸菌)和生物活性成分,赋予了其抗炎、抗氧化等生理功能[8−9]。本研究利用开菲尔发酵奶渣的副产物乳清,测定了不同的杀菌方式和白砂糖添加量对乳清发酵饮料在贮藏期的稳定性、感官特性以及体外抗氧化能力的动态变化,为提高西藏地区乳清资源的高效利用,探索乳清产业绿色发展新模式以及丰富功能饮料市场提供新的思路。
乳清 于2024年3月采集自西藏自治区山南市噶贡县森不日村;Kefir MILD发酵剂(由乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种、乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种、乳酸乳球菌双乙酰亚种、肠膜明串珠菌肠膜亚种、嗜热链球菌以及嗜酸乳杆菌组成) 丹尼克斯(中国)有限公司;白砂糖 食品级,南京甘汁园股份有限公司;羧甲基纤维素钠、三聚磷酸钠、海藻酸丙二醇酯 食品级,河南万邦化工科技有限公司;磺基水杨酸、FeSO4·7H2O 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)(分析纯)、2,2-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)(分析纯)、醋酸钠缓冲液(0.3 mol/L,pH=3.6)、氯化三苯四氮唑(TPTZ)(10 mmol/L)、FeCl3溶液(20 mmol/L)、过硫酸钾(分析纯) 福州飞净生物科技有限公司。
PTT-A+200电子分析天平 华志(福建)电子科技有限公司;MilkoScan FT1全自动乳成分分析仪 美国福斯公司;PHS-3C pH计 上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司;XMTD-7000恒温水浴锅 北京永光明医疗仪器有限公司;5910R高速冷冻离心机 德国艾本德公司;SX-500蒸汽灭菌锅 多美工业株式会社;THF500-18G悬臂式高速分散机 拓赫机电科技(上海)有限公司;QW-WS200-ST数显无刷搅拌机 杭州齐威仪器有限公司;DNP-9162电热恒温培养箱 上海龙跃仪器设备有限公司;HPX-150生化培养箱 上海跃进医疗器械有限公司;RSX-CC同轴圆柱流变仪 美国博勒飞公司;A300 氨基酸自动分析仪 德国曼默博尔公司;HBS-1096B酶标仪 德国赛多利斯公司。
使用全自动乳成分分析仪测定原料乳清的密度和脂肪、蛋白质、乳糖、非脂乳固体、全乳固体、低聚糖、乳酸、游离脂肪酸、尿素和酪蛋白含量。使用pH计测定原料乳清的pH。
称取适量的白砂糖、海藻酸丙二醇酯、羧甲基纤维素钠和三聚磷酸钠,使白砂糖在发酵体系中的占比分别为0%、7%、9%和11%(w/w),海藻酸丙二醇酯的占比为0.2%(w/w),羧甲基纤维素钠的占比为0.4%(w/w),三聚磷酸钠的占比为0.01%(w/w)。白砂糖与稳定剂混合均匀后,缓慢加入至70 ℃蒸馏水中,搅拌使其充分溶解。称取乳清,剪切(10000 r/min,6 min)以均质乳清,将上述稳定剂缓慢添加至乳清中,充分溶解后继续剪切(10000 r/min,6 min)使其混匀。巴氏杀菌(70 ℃,15 min),待杀菌后的乳清冷却至28 ℃,接种0.1%(w/w)的Kefir MILD发酵剂,于28 ℃条件下发酵。发酵期间每小时测定样品pH,直至pH下降至3.8~3.9,停止发酵。发酵结束后,将乳清饮料分为两份,一份进行发酵后二次杀菌(80 ℃,20 min),另一份不做处理,均置于4 ℃贮藏,在贮藏期第1、7、14、21和28 d测定样品的稳定性、感官特性和体外抗氧化活性。
以发酵前的pH为对照,按公式(1)计算贮藏期的pH下降率:
$\rm \text{pH下降率}(\text{%})=\left(\frac{{{\mathrm{n-m}}}}{\text{n}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:n为发酵前乳清饮料的pH;m为贮藏期第x d乳清饮料的pH。
粘度采用同轴圆柱流变仪直接测定,测定条件设置为:探头型号CCT-40,测定速度250 r/min,测定时间60 s。
取适量样品离心(12000 r/min,5 ℃)15 min后,弃去上清液,将离心管烘干称重,按公式(2)计算离心沉淀率:
$\rm \text{离心沉淀率}(\text{%}) =\frac{{w-x}}{{z-x}}\times 100 $
式中:w为离心去上清液后的质量(g);z为离心前的质量(g);x为离心管的质量(g)。
参照食品安全国家标准GB 4789.35-2023《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 乳酸菌检验》中的相关内容对样品中乳酸菌总数进行测定,按公式(3)计算乳酸菌活菌数下降率。
$\rm \text{乳酸菌活菌数下降率}(\text{%}) =\left(\frac{{s-t}}{{s}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:s和t分别为贮藏期第1 d和第n d乳清饮料的乳酸菌活菌数。
参考崔巍[10]和孙阳[11]的方法,结合开菲尔发酵乳清饮料的色泽、口感、气味、滋味以及组织状态在评价体系中的重要程度,确定产品感官评定细则(表1),邀请10名具有感官评价经验的师生参与评分。
参考俞曼玲等[12]和Yang等[13]的方法并稍作修改:准确量取5 mL样品,按1:1体积比加入10%(w/v)磺基水杨酸,涡旋振荡3 min使溶液充分混匀后,以2700 r/min的转速离心20 min,上清液过0.22 μm滤膜后于4 ℃静置20 h,继续以15000 r/min的转速离心20 min,再次取上层清液,用0.22 μm滤膜过滤。
使用氨基酸分析仪配备钠盐体系阳离子交换色谱柱进行分离和检测,柱温设置为50 ℃。以乙酸钠缓冲液A(pH 3.35)、B(pH 3.00)、C(pH 3.96)和柠檬酸-硼酸缓冲液D(pH 9.85)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.24 mL/min。以茚三酮为衍生化试剂进行柱后衍生,反应温度为115 °C。进样体积为20 μL,在570及440 nm处检测样品中各氨基酸的吸光度。
参考朱璐等[14]的方法:精确称取0.0079 g DPPH粉末,用无水乙醇定容至100 mL,避光保存备用。将样品稀释10倍后,精确移取1.0 mL与等体积的DPPH溶液混合均匀,室温下避光反应30 min,在517 nm处测定吸光度,以无水乙醇代替样品作空白对照,按公式(4)计算DPPH自由基清除率。
$\rm \text{DPPH自由基清除率}( \text{%}) =\left(1-\frac{{{D}}_{1}-{{D}}_{2}}{{{D}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:D0为DPPH溶液与无水乙醇反应体系的吸光度;D1为DPPH溶液与样品反应体系吸光度;D2为样品与无水乙醇反应体系吸光度。
参考Moghadam等[15]的方法:配制并移取2 mL ABTS溶液(7.4 mmol/L)与等体积的过硫酸钾溶液(2.6 mmol/L)混合,避光反应12~16 h,加入适量95%乙醇,即得ABTS工作液。将样品稀释10倍,与ABTS工作液以1:4的比例混合,避光反应6 min,于734 nm处测定其吸光度,以无水乙醇代替样品作空白对照组,按公式(5)计算ABTS+自由基清除率。
$\rm {\text{ABTS}}^+\text{自由基清除率}( \text{%}) =\left(\frac{{\text{A}}_{0}-{\text{A}}_{\text{s}}}{{\text{A}}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中:A0为无水乙醇与ABTS工作液反应体系的吸光度;AS为样品与ABTS工作液反应体系的吸光度。
参考白周亚等[16]的方法:将醋酸钠缓冲液(300 mmol/L、pH=3.6),TPTZ溶液(10 mmol/L)和FeCl3溶液(20 mmol/L)按照10:1:1的体积比混匀,于37 ℃预热后得到FRAP工作液。分别移取不同浓度的FeSO4标准溶液(0.15~1.5 mmol/L)与900 μL FRAP工作液混匀,静置反应10 min,于593 nm处测定其吸光度,绘制FeSO4溶液标准曲线。取50 μL样品或无水乙醇(空白对照)按上述条件与FRAP工作液反应后测定吸光度值,根据标准曲线求得对应的FeSO4浓度(mmol/L),将其定义为该样品的FRAP值。
运用SPSS 26软件进行数据处理和统计分析(n=3),结果以平均值$±$标准差($ \overline{\mathrm{x}} $±SD)表示,两组间均数比较采用t检验,多组间的比较采用方差分析,检验水准α=0.05。使用 Origin 2021软件进行绘图。
奶渣副产物乳清的营养成分含量会随着其采集来源与采集地区的不同而略有差异,本研究使用的乳清来源于西藏自治区山南市噶贡县森不日村,乳清原料pH为4.54,属于酸乳清[17]。其蛋白质含量(1.17%)高于其他乳制品加工产生的乳清(0.6%~1%),而乳糖含量(3.3%)低于其他乳制品加工产生的乳清(4.2%~4.5%)[18](表2)。从蛋白质构成而言,由于乳清原料中60%以上蛋白质为酪蛋白,其等电点约为4.6,与乳清原料pH相近,容易以酪蛋白胶束的形式沉淀,而开菲尔发酵会进一步降低体系的pH,加剧酪蛋白沉淀的产生。因此,如何提高奶渣副产物乳清发酵后的稳定性,是需要解决的首要问题。
羧甲基纤维素钠可以通过增加体系粘度及空间位阻延缓颗粒沉降[19];三聚磷酸钠螯合游离钙离子,减少钙介导的酪蛋白胶束交联[20];而海藻酸丙二醇酯凭借阴离子特性与酪蛋白表面形成静电排斥,同时其亲水链增强胶体分散稳定性[21]。三者联合作用可维持酪蛋白胶束的均匀分散,有效防止pH波动或高温引发的酪蛋白聚集析出,从而减轻奶渣副产物乳清在发酵过程中产生的沉淀。此外,在饮料生产中一般采用多羟基糖类物质来提高蛋白质和分解介质的亲和性,以减少均质后的蛋白质在发酵过程中再次相互结合,产生沉淀的现象[22]。其中,蔗糖与蛋白质亲和性最高,解决蛋白质沉淀问题的同时,还可以赋予饮料适宜的糖酸比[23]。通常,当饮料体系的pH为3.5~3.9,含糖量为7%~13%(w/w)时,饮料口感良好。因此,以解析乳清原料成分为基础,明确白砂糖的添加量对乳清饮料发酵效率、稳定性、感官特性和抗氧化活性的影响,可以为新型开菲尔乳清饮料的研制奠定基础。
通过监测乳清饮料在贮藏期内pH变化,可明确白砂糖添加量以及发酵后的二次杀菌工艺对乳清饮料口感和稳定性的影响。如图1a~图1d所示,当白砂糖添加量一定时,除去白砂糖添加量7%、9%和11%组在贮藏期第1 d的pH无显著差异,二次杀菌工艺会减缓乳清发酵饮料的pH下降。乳清饮料的pH在贮藏期会持续下降,主要是由于乳酸菌持续产酸,或者即使经过了二次杀菌,发酵过程中乳酸菌代谢产生的一些耐高温的酶(例如耐热蛋白酶、β-半乳糖苷酶和脂肪酶等)可能仍具有活性[24−25],从而继续分解乳糖、蛋白质或脂肪为酸性产物。
由图1e和图1f可知,无论发酵后是否杀菌,相较于不添加白砂糖,添加白砂糖可以加快乳清饮料的酸化速率,但酸化速率与白砂糖添加量并不存在添加量依赖效应,而当白砂糖添加量达到9%时,乳清饮料在贮藏期第28 d的酸化速率显著高于白砂糖添加量为7%和11%组(P<0.05)。对于未二次杀菌的饮料,适量的白砂糖可以加快酸化速率,而过高的白砂糖添加量则会使乳清饮料的渗透压升高,从而抑制乳酸菌的生长和代谢;对于发酵后进行二次杀菌的乳清饮料,这可能是由于底物抑制效应[26],白砂糖作为发酵底物,过量可能会抑制某些酶的活性,从而影响发酵进程。综上所述,无论发酵后是否进行二次杀菌,白砂糖添加量为9%时,酸化速率最快,白砂糖添加量为0%时,酸化速率最慢;当白砂糖添加量一定时,发酵后二次杀菌处理会使乳清饮料酸化速率减慢。
粘度是在食品工业中评价产品质地和口感的重要指标,可以度量流体的流动阻力,其反映了液体内部分子间摩擦力的强弱,粘度越高,液体越“浓稠”,流动性越差;粘度越低,液体越“稀薄”,流动性越好。如图2a所示,无论发酵后是否进行二次杀菌,粘度按照由高到低的排序为:白砂糖添加量11%组≈9%组>7%组>0%组(P<0.05),说明白砂糖会增加饮料粘度,这与崔巍[10]报道的蔗糖酯添加量对饮料粘度的影响基本一致。当白砂糖添加量一定时,发酵后二次杀菌处理会使乳清饮料粘度升高(P<0.05),与谢爱英等[27]的研究结果一致,可能是因为二次杀菌处理抑制了微生物和代谢酶的活性,减少了对产品成分(如多糖、蛋白质等)的降解,从而有效保持了粘度。另外,除不添加白砂糖组外,所有组别的粘度在贮藏前期呈下降趋势,然后在第21~28 d保持相对稳定(P>0.05),贮藏前期粘度的下降可能是因为在酶解作用下,蛋白、脂类物质被持续分解[28]。
由图2b可知,在贮藏期第28 d各组离心沉淀率均显著高于贮藏期第1~7 d(P<0.05)。当白砂糖添加量一定时,在贮藏期初期,二次杀菌不会对离心沉淀率产生显著影响,但随着贮藏期延长,二次杀菌能显著降低乳清饮料的离心沉淀率(P<0.05),这可能是由于发酵后二次杀菌抑制了微生物代谢产物对蛋白质和脂肪稳定性的影响,从而降低离心沉淀率。当杀菌条件一定时,在贮藏中期(第7~21 d),白砂糖添加量为11%时乳清饮料的离心沉淀率最高,白砂糖添加量为0%时乳清饮料的离心沉淀率最低(P<0.05),与图2a中乳清饮料的粘度变化规律一致,这可能是由于白砂糖添加量的增多会导致乳清饮料粘度增大,高粘度虽会抑制相分离的发生,但在较高的离心力作用下,高粘度体系中的颗粒在离心力作用下更容易聚集并形成较大的沉积物[29]。而在贮藏期后期(第28 d),白砂糖添加量为7%时的乳清饮料的离心沉淀率最高,白砂糖添加量为9%时的离心沉淀率最低(P<0.05)。
根据GB/T 21732-2008《含乳饮料》对活菌数的相关要求,乳清饮料中的乳酸菌活菌数量虽在贮藏期呈下降趋势,但始终大于1×106 CFU/mL。如图3所示,当白砂糖添加量为7%和11%时,在贮藏期第1 d至第21 d,乳清饮料的乳酸菌活菌数较稳定;在贮藏期第21 d至第28 d,乳清饮料的乳酸菌活菌数显著下降(P<0.05)。而当白砂糖添加量为0%和9%时,乳清饮料在贮藏期的乳酸菌活菌数持续降低。OZCELIK等[30]也报道了类似的现象,他们研发的水开菲尔饮料贮藏期乳酸菌出现减少的现象,ATALAR等[31]也发现的榛子油开菲尔发酵饮料贮藏期乳酸菌呈下降趋势,这可能与贮藏期后期乳清饮料中营养成分的减少,以及pH的持续降低导致乳酸菌的生长受到抑制有关[31]。
图4是从色泽、气味和滋味、组织状态和口感几个方面对开菲尔发酵乳清饮料在贮藏期感官性状的变化进行的评价。无论发酵后是否二次杀菌,白砂糖的添加量对乳清饮料的感官评分的影响最显著。其中,白砂糖添加量为0%时乳清饮料感官评分最低(P<0.05);当杀菌条件一定、白砂糖添加量为7%、9%和11%时乳清饮料的感官评分无显著差异,除贮藏后期口感偏酸外,色泽、气味和滋味以及组织状态的稳定性均较高;当白砂糖添加量一定时,发酵后二次杀菌对乳清饮料的感官评分无显著影响,其中,白砂糖添加量为11%、没有进行二次杀菌的乳清饮料在贮藏期第7 d达到气味和滋味峰值(25.8±0.83),而进行了二次杀菌的乳清饮料在第14 d达到气味和滋味峰值(25.6±0.66),这可能与贮藏期间微生物菌群代谢累积醇、酯等香味物质有关[32]。随着贮藏期的延长,乳清饮料在口感方面的评分差异最大,在贮藏后期得分降低,与pH降低规律相吻合,说明酸度过高可能是饮料接受度下降的主要原因。
表3列举了贮藏期间乳清饮料中的差异性游离氨基酸。游离氨基酸具有一定的呈味功能,其中,丝氨酸(Ser)、苏氨酸(Thr)、丙氨酸(Ala)、甘氨酸(Gly)为乳清饮料甜味的主要来源,在乳清饮料中的含量为0.02 mmol/L±0.01 mmol/L~0.32 mmol/L±0.02 mmol/L;精氨酸(Arg)、缬氨酸(Val)、亮氨酸(Leu)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)和组氨酸(His)为乳清饮料苦味的主要来源,在乳清饮料中的含量为0.08 mmol/L±0.00 mmol/L~1.06 mmol/L±0.07 mmol/L;谷氨酸(Glu)为乳清饮料鲜味的主要来源,在乳清饮料中的含量为0.07 mmol/L±0.01 mmol/L~0.52 mmol/L±0.15 mmol/L。发酵后是否二次杀菌对乳清饮料的游离氨基酸总量无显著影响;各组游离氨基酸的总量在贮藏前、后期无显著变化。这可能是由于游离氨基酸主要在发酵阶段产生[33],其总量不会随着贮藏期的延长出现显著变化。添加白砂糖会增加游离氨基酸总量、部分甜味氨基酸(Thr、Ser和Ala)与部分苦味氨基酸(Val、Ile、Leu和His)的含量。白砂糖添加量为9%和11%时,乳清饮料的游离氨基酸总量和上述甜味、苦味游离氨基酸的含量显著升高(P<0.05),白砂糖添加量为7%时乳清饮料的游离氨基酸总量和上述甜味、苦味游离氨基酸的含量最低(P<0.05)。随着贮藏期延长,多数氨基酸含量无明显变化,但部分苦味氨基酸(如Val、Leu和His)随贮藏期延长而有所累积(P<0.05),可能影响贮藏后期的风味平衡,是贮藏后期接受度下降的主要原因,与上文图4中乳清饮料在贮藏后期感官评分中口感评分下降规律一致。
表4探讨了白砂糖添加量和杀菌条件对乳清饮料抗氧化性能的影响。当杀菌条件一定、白砂糖添加量为0%时,乳清饮料在贮藏期内始终维持高抗氧化活性,DPPH自由基清除率为63.55%±6.39%~95.28%±3.29%,ABTS+自由基清除率为60.63%±0.28%~63.58%±0.11%,显著高于其他含糖组(P<0.05)。白砂糖的添加可以增加Kefir对碳源的利用,促使菌群优先进行同型乳酸发酵,抑制蛋白酶和肽酶的表达,减少乳清蛋白的分解,从而降低抗氧化肽的生成[34];对于未添加白砂糖组,由于Kefir只能分解乳清中固有的乳糖作为碳源,在碳源相对受限的条件下,必须激活复杂的蛋白水解/氨基酸代谢途径,一方面释放含有色氨酸、组氨酸等抗氧化氨基酸残基的小肽,另一方面合成更多的胞外抗氧化酶(如超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)[35],进而提高了乳清饮料的抗氧化能力。当白砂糖添加量一定时,发酵后二次杀菌处理的DPPH自由基清除率显著降低(P<0.05),而ABTS+自由基清除率显著升高(P<0.05),二者不同的抗氧化表现可能与二者参与自由基清除的机制不同有关[36]。DPPH自由基清除能力主要反映疏水性物质(如疏水性抗氧化肽)的抗氧化特性,二次杀菌可以通过高温处理杀死乳清饮料中的乳酸菌,同时破坏了抗氧化活性肽和抗氧化酶的结构,从而导致DPPH自由基清除率降低[37];而ABTS+自由基清除能力主要反映体系内包括亲水性和疏水性物质在内的总抗氧化活性,二次杀菌可能会导致蛋白质变性,暴露出更多亲水性氨基酸残基和巯基(-SH),这些基团可以增强电子供给能力,进一步使ABTS+自由基清除率升高[38−39]。另外,各组乳清饮料在贮藏期第28 d的DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS+自由基清除率均显著低于贮藏期第1 d(P<0.05),这与尹琳琳等[40]报道的结果基本一致,他们在草莓汁中接种开菲尔发酵粒,发现发酵液在贮藏期的DPPH自由基清除率以及ABTS+自由基清除率呈下降趋势。不同的是,其研究中发酵液的DPPH自由基清除率仅在贮藏期第28 d明显下降(P<0.05),ABTS+清除率从贮藏期开始便逐渐下降(P<0.05),这些差异可能与菌种、接种方法以及原料的不同有关。
各组乳清饮料在贮藏期第28 d的FRAP值均显著低于贮藏期第1 d(P<0.05)。发酵后是否进行二次杀菌对于FRAP值的影响不大,仅提高了白砂糖添加量为9%(贮藏期第1 d)以及白砂糖添加量为11%(贮藏期第14 d)的乳清饮料FRAP值(P<0.05),对其他各组乳清饮料在贮藏期的FRAP值无显著影响。当杀菌条件一定、白砂糖添加量为0%时,乳清饮料的FRAP值最低(P<0.05),其他几组之间无显著差异。
结合三种抗氧化指标分析,无添加糖配方会使乳清饮料获得较高的DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS+自由基清除率和较低的FRAP值,而高糖添加量会降低乳清饮料的DPPH自由基清除率和ABTS+自由基清除率,升高其FRAP值。当白砂糖添加量一定时,二次杀菌处理可以降低DPPH自由基清除能力、升高ABTS+自由基清除能力,对FRAP值无显著影响。
本研究发现,发酵后二次杀菌处理能显著降低乳清饮料的酸化速率和离心沉淀率,增加其粘度,从而提高乳清饮料在贮藏期的稳定性;但对乳清饮料的感官评分和游离氨基酸总量无显著影响;对于抗氧化能力,二次杀菌能够显著提高乳清饮料ABTS+自由基清除率、降低其DPPH自由基清除率,对FRAP值无显著影响。白砂糖添加量对感官评价得分的影响最为显著,当杀菌条件一定时,白砂糖添加量为9%的乳清饮料在贮藏期游离氨基酸总量最高,稳定性最强;而无添加糖配方能提高乳清饮料的抗氧化活性。对于未采用二次杀菌的乳清饮料,当白砂糖添加量为7%和11%时,乳清饮料在贮藏期第1~21 d乳酸菌总数较稳定。但受地域环境及奶渣制作方式的影响,青藏高原不同地区的奶渣副产物乳清在成分组成上存在一定的差异,未来需要进一步推动乳清原料的标准化,构建具有区域特点的稳定工艺体系,以绿色发展为导向,加快西藏奶渣乳清资源的利用和发展。

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2026年第47卷第18期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025080177
  • 接收时间:2025-08-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-18
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    兰州大学公共卫生学院,甘肃兰州 730000

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刘迪茹(1990−),女,博士,副教授,研究方向:药食两用资源开发,功能食品开发,免疫与肠道微生态等,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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