Article(id=1320165980546904076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070229, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752768000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681697259, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681697259, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681697259, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681697259, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=93, endPage=102, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320165980890837005, articleId=1320165980546904076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Interaction and Characterisation Analysis of Calcium Ion-crosslinked Catechin-Ovalbumin Amyloid Fibril Hydrogels, columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of different Ca2+ concentrations (control group, Ca1 0.86 mmol/L, Ca2 2.58 mmol/L, Ca3 17.2 mmol/L, Ca4 34.4 mmol/L) on the structure and physicochemical properties of catechin-ovalbumin amyloid fibril hydrogels (C-OVAF), conducted a systematic analysis using techniques such as thioflavin T fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, rheology, low-field NMR, particle size analysis, Zeta potential measurement, surface hydrophobicity assessment, antioxidant experiments, scanning electron microscopy, and molecular docking. The results showed that, compared with the control group, Ca2+ cross-linking significantly altered the secondary structure (α-helix increased from 6% in the control to 12% in Ca4, β-turns increased from 16% (control) to 29% (Ca4), β-sheets decreased from 50% (control) to 43% (Ca4), and random coils decreased from 28% (control) to 15% (Ca3). As Ca2+ concentration increased, the storage modulus (G') first rose and then fell, with the Ca2+ group exhibiting the highest G' (indicating the highest network density and elasticity). Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed an increase in the proportion at this concentration, with significantly optimized water retention, the lowest surface hydrophobicity, and DPPH, ABTS+ radicals reached 61.9% and 53.4%, respectively, with optimal antioxidant activity, while the system's particle size and Zeta potential stabilized. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Ca2 group formed a regular, continuous network structure, and molecular docking confirmed that C-OVAF forms complexes via hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, with Ca2+ in the Ca2 group enhancing intermolecular interactions through coordination. In summary, Ca2+ crosslinking significantly improves the structure and properties of C-OVAF hydrogels. A Ca2+ concentration of 2.58 mmol/L balances molecular intermolecular forces to simultaneously optimize water retention and antioxidant activity. This study provides theoretical guidance for the performance regulation, preparation optimization, and food processing applications of metal ion-crosslinked polyphenol-protein hydrogels.

, authors=Qianying HUANG1, Lili LIU1, 2, 3, 4, *, Weiwei CHENG1, Xinshuai ZHANG1, Yue DING1, Baocheng XU1, authorsList=Qianying HUANG, Lili LIU, Weiwei CHENG, Xinshuai ZHANG, Yue DING, Baocheng XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lili LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320165984720236576, articleId=1320165980546904076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=钙离子交联儿茶素-卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维水凝胶的相互作用及特性分析, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同Ca2+浓度(对照组、Ca1 0.86 mmol/L、Ca2 2.58 mmol/L、Ca3 17.2 mmol/L、Ca4 34.4 mmol/L)对儿茶素-卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维水凝胶(catechin-ovalbumin amyloid fibril hydrogels,C-OVAF)结构及理化特性的影响,通过硫黄素T荧光光谱、圆二色谱、流变、低场核磁、粒径、电位、表面疏水性、抗氧化实验、扫描电镜及分子对接等技术系统分析。结果显示,与对照组相比,Ca2+交联显著改变二级结构(α-螺旋由(对照)6%增至(Ca4)12%,β-转角由(对照)16%增至(Ca3)29%,β-折叠由(对照)50%降至(Ca4)43%,无规则卷曲由(对照)28%降至(Ca3)15%);随Ca2+浓度增加,储能模量(G')先升后降,Ca2组G'最高(网络密度、弹性最大),低场核磁证实该浓度下比例提升,保水性显著优化、表面疏水性最低、DPPH、ABTS+自由基的清除率分别达61.9%、53.4%,抗氧化活性最优,同时体系粒径与电位趋于稳定;扫描电镜显示Ca2组形成规整连续的网络结构,分子对接证实C-OVAF通过疏水作用和氢键形成复合物,Ca2组Ca2+可经配位作用强化分子间相互作用。综上,Ca2+交联能显著改善C-OVAF水凝胶结构与性能,Ca2(2.58 mmol/L)浓度可平衡分子作用力能同步优化保水性和抗氧化性,本研究可为金属离子交联多酚-蛋白水凝胶的性能调控、制备优化及食品加工应用提供理论指导。

, authors=黄倩颖1, 刘丽莉1, 2, 3, 4, *, 程伟伟1, 张新帅1, 丁玥1, 徐宝成1, authorsList=黄倩颖, 刘丽莉, 程伟伟, 张新帅, 丁玥, 徐宝成, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘丽莉, authorNote=

黄倩颖(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品科学与食品生物技术,E-mail:

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刘丽莉(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品科学与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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Food Hydrocolloids, 2025, 166: 111258., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1320165984950923297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165985072558114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, companyId=1320165984950923297, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165985080946723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, companyId=1320165984950923297, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320165985143861284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165985152249893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, companyId=1320165985143861284, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Processing and Security, Luoyang 471023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165985164832806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, companyId=1320165985143861284, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2国家食品加工与安全实验教学示范中心,河南洛阳 471023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320165985231941671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165985236135976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, companyId=1320165985231941671, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality and Safety Control, Luoyang 471023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165985244524585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, companyId=1320165985231941671, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3食品加工与质量安全控制国际联合实验室,河南洛阳 471023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1320165985307439146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165985315827755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, companyId=1320165985307439146, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Microbiology, Luoyang 471023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1320165985324216364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, companyId=1320165985307439146, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4食品微生物河南省工程技术研究中心,河南洛阳 471023)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1320165989472383066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sulphurine T fluorescence of hydrogels with varying Ca2+ concentrations, OVA and OVAF, figureFileSmall=rQGaH5nK1Ce09VgGP2iutA==, figureFileBig=pf2P5/sBHJ35Gh59q1FLQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165989539491931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同Ca2+添加量水凝胶以及OVA与OVAF的硫黄素T荧光, figureFileSmall=rQGaH5nK1Ce09VgGP2iutA==, figureFileBig=pf2P5/sBHJ35Gh59q1FLQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165989740818524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Circular dichroism spectra (A) and secondary structure content (B) of hydrogels at different Ca2+ concentrations, figureFileSmall=4zxfny1h/hssysqwRMAG2A==, figureFileBig=b9997F9x81yqS26g9lFsew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165989820510301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, language=CN, label=图2, caption=Ca2+不同浓度水凝胶的圆二色谱(A)及二级结构含量(B)

注:不同小写字母代表显著性差异(P<0.05);图3、图6~图7同。

, figureFileSmall=4zxfny1h/hssysqwRMAG2A==, figureFileBig=b9997F9x81yqS26g9lFsew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165989891813470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Surface hydrophobicity of hydrogels at different Ca2+ concentrations, figureFileSmall=fVWEgJ0DxG2rXqs3LC/wzA==, figureFileBig=MuXKRhR4XgnWGAsO62hkKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165989975699551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同Ca2+浓度水凝胶的表面疏水性, figureFileSmall=fVWEgJ0DxG2rXqs3LC/wzA==, figureFileBig=MuXKRhR4XgnWGAsO62hkKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165990030225504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Rheological properties of hydrogels at different Ca2+ concentrations, figureFileSmall=4yhRy8TDGYAavjSR1U3gMA==, figureFileBig=4VyqMScb47dd3dio/QakLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165990114111585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同Ca2+浓度水凝胶的流变特性

注:A为储能模量;B为损耗模量。

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注:A为粒径;B为电位。

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注:A:儿茶素和OVA的对接构象;B:儿茶素和OVA的结合位点;C:儿茶素与OVA之间相互作用残基的二维图。

, figureFileSmall=POEfQeOJibTSET4FyvNtBw==, figureFileBig=zXxFk1F85s91gbXY18/I3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320165990944583788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Transverse relaxation time (T2) and corresponding peak area ratios of hydrogels at different Ca2+ concentrations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ca2+浓度弛豫时间(ms)峰面积占比(%)
T21T22T23A21A22A23
对照0.213±0.02b12.182±0.50b458.676±10.20b3.087±0.15a1.807±0.05a95.105±0.80b
Ca12.283±0.1a24.479±0.60a619.256±15.30a0.641±0.08c1.224±0.06c98.136±0.65a
Ca20.37±0.03b24.479±0.55a427.367±12.40ab0.377±0.05c1.112±0.04c98.511±0.70a
Ca30.08±0.01b9.169±0.30c458.676±9.80b1.509±0.10b1.112±0.05c97.379±0.55a
Ca40.189±0.02b6.972±0.25d458.676±10.50b2.765±0.12a1.463±0.07b95.773±0.60b
), ArticleFig(id=1320165991007498349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320165980546904076, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同Ca2+浓度水凝胶的横向弛豫时间(T2)和相应的峰面积比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ca2+浓度弛豫时间(ms)峰面积占比(%)
T21T22T23A21A22A23
对照0.213±0.02b12.182±0.50b458.676±10.20b3.087±0.15a1.807±0.05a95.105±0.80b
Ca12.283±0.1a24.479±0.60a619.256±15.30a0.641±0.08c1.224±0.06c98.136±0.65a
Ca20.37±0.03b24.479±0.55a427.367±12.40ab0.377±0.05c1.112±0.04c98.511±0.70a
Ca30.08±0.01b9.169±0.30c458.676±9.80b1.509±0.10b1.112±0.05c97.379±0.55a
Ca40.189±0.02b6.972±0.25d458.676±10.50b2.765±0.12a1.463±0.07b95.773±0.60b
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钙离子交联儿茶素-卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维水凝胶的相互作用及特性分析
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黄倩颖 1 , 刘丽莉 1, 2, 3, 4, * , 程伟伟 1 , 张新帅 1 , 丁玥 1 , 徐宝成 1
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(14): 93-102
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (14) : 93 -102
钙离子交联儿茶素-卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维水凝胶的相互作用及特性分析
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黄倩颖1 , 刘丽莉1, 2, 3, 4, * , 程伟伟1, 张新帅1, 丁玥1, 徐宝成1
作者信息
  • 1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023
  • 2国家食品加工与安全实验教学示范中心,河南洛阳 471023
  • 3食品加工与质量安全控制国际联合实验室,河南洛阳 471023
  • 4食品微生物河南省工程技术研究中心,河南洛阳 471023
通讯作者:
刘丽莉(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品科学与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
作者简介:

黄倩颖(1998−),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:畜产品科学与食品生物技术,E-mail:

Interaction and Characterisation Analysis of Calcium Ion-crosslinked Catechin-Ovalbumin Amyloid Fibril Hydrogels
Qianying HUANG1 , Lili LIU1, 2, 3, 4, * , Weiwei CHENG1, Xinshuai ZHANG1, Yue DING1, Baocheng XU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 2National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Processing and Security, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 3Henan International Joint Laboratory of Food Processing and Quality and Safety Control, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 4Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Food Microbiology, Luoyang 471023, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070229
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为探究不同Ca2+浓度(对照组、Ca1 0.86 mmol/L、Ca2 2.58 mmol/L、Ca3 17.2 mmol/L、Ca4 34.4 mmol/L)对儿茶素-卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维水凝胶(catechin-ovalbumin amyloid fibril hydrogels,C-OVAF)结构及理化特性的影响,通过硫黄素T荧光光谱、圆二色谱、流变、低场核磁、粒径、电位、表面疏水性、抗氧化实验、扫描电镜及分子对接等技术系统分析。结果显示,与对照组相比,Ca2+交联显著改变二级结构(α-螺旋由(对照)6%增至(Ca4)12%,β-转角由(对照)16%增至(Ca3)29%,β-折叠由(对照)50%降至(Ca4)43%,无规则卷曲由(对照)28%降至(Ca3)15%);随Ca2+浓度增加,储能模量(G')先升后降,Ca2组G'最高(网络密度、弹性最大),低场核磁证实该浓度下比例提升,保水性显著优化、表面疏水性最低、DPPH、ABTS+自由基的清除率分别达61.9%、53.4%,抗氧化活性最优,同时体系粒径与电位趋于稳定;扫描电镜显示Ca2组形成规整连续的网络结构,分子对接证实C-OVAF通过疏水作用和氢键形成复合物,Ca2组Ca2+可经配位作用强化分子间相互作用。综上,Ca2+交联能显著改善C-OVAF水凝胶结构与性能,Ca2(2.58 mmol/L)浓度可平衡分子作用力能同步优化保水性和抗氧化性,本研究可为金属离子交联多酚-蛋白水凝胶的性能调控、制备优化及食品加工应用提供理论指导。

卵白蛋白  /  儿茶素  /  卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维  /  Ca2+  /  交联  /  水凝胶

To investigate the effects of different Ca2+ concentrations (control group, Ca1 0.86 mmol/L, Ca2 2.58 mmol/L, Ca3 17.2 mmol/L, Ca4 34.4 mmol/L) on the structure and physicochemical properties of catechin-ovalbumin amyloid fibril hydrogels (C-OVAF), conducted a systematic analysis using techniques such as thioflavin T fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, rheology, low-field NMR, particle size analysis, Zeta potential measurement, surface hydrophobicity assessment, antioxidant experiments, scanning electron microscopy, and molecular docking. The results showed that, compared with the control group, Ca2+ cross-linking significantly altered the secondary structure (α-helix increased from 6% in the control to 12% in Ca4, β-turns increased from 16% (control) to 29% (Ca4), β-sheets decreased from 50% (control) to 43% (Ca4), and random coils decreased from 28% (control) to 15% (Ca3). As Ca2+ concentration increased, the storage modulus (G') first rose and then fell, with the Ca2+ group exhibiting the highest G' (indicating the highest network density and elasticity). Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed an increase in the proportion at this concentration, with significantly optimized water retention, the lowest surface hydrophobicity, and DPPH, ABTS+ radicals reached 61.9% and 53.4%, respectively, with optimal antioxidant activity, while the system's particle size and Zeta potential stabilized. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the Ca2 group formed a regular, continuous network structure, and molecular docking confirmed that C-OVAF forms complexes via hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding, with Ca2+ in the Ca2 group enhancing intermolecular interactions through coordination. In summary, Ca2+ crosslinking significantly improves the structure and properties of C-OVAF hydrogels. A Ca2+ concentration of 2.58 mmol/L balances molecular intermolecular forces to simultaneously optimize water retention and antioxidant activity. This study provides theoretical guidance for the performance regulation, preparation optimization, and food processing applications of metal ion-crosslinked polyphenol-protein hydrogels.

ovalbumin  /  catechin  /  ovalbumin amyloid fibrils  /  Ca2+  /  cross-linking  /  hydrogel
黄倩颖, 刘丽莉, 程伟伟, 张新帅, 丁玥, 徐宝成. 钙离子交联儿茶素-卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维水凝胶的相互作用及特性分析. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 93 -102 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070229
Qianying HUANG, Lili LIU, Weiwei CHENG, Xinshuai ZHANG, Yue DING, Baocheng XU. Interaction and Characterisation Analysis of Calcium Ion-crosslinked Catechin-Ovalbumin Amyloid Fibril Hydrogels[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 93 -102 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070229
水凝胶是一种由聚合物链通过物理或化学交联形成的三维网络结构材料,以其高含水量、可调的质构特性和良好的生物相容性在食品领域受到广泛关注。在食品工业中,水凝胶可作为营养素包埋与递送载体、脂肪替代品以及特殊口感食品的结构基质,展现出巨大的应用潜力[1]。在众多构建水凝胶的生物聚合物中,由食物蛋白质自组装形成的淀粉样蛋白纤维(amyloid protein fibrils,APFs),因其规整的β-折叠结构和优异的表面活性,已成为制备功能性食品凝胶的优质前体。其中卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维(OVAF)因其卓越的稳定性和凝胶特性,被广泛认为是构建高性能食品水凝胶的理想材料之一[2−4]。
为克服单一OVAF凝胶在功能性与机械强度上的局限,将其与天然多酚复合是当前研究的热点。多酚可通过非共价相互作用修饰蛋白纤维,从而优化凝胶性能。例如,Wang等[5]利用白藜芦醇与卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维自组装构建了可用于功能食品递送系统的水凝胶;Zeng等[6]则证实单宁酸(Tannic acid,TA)的引入能显著增强OVAF水凝胶的抗氧化性与抗菌性能。儿茶素(Catechin)作为一种膳食多酚,其多羟基结构赋予其优异的抗氧化活性及与蛋白质结合的强能力[7]。Zhang等[8]在豌豆蛋白淀粉样纤维与表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)的研究中,成功构建了性能增强的多酚-蛋白复合水凝胶,这预示着儿茶素-卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维复合体系在开发功能性食品凝胶方面具有广阔前景。然而,非共价作用力构建的凝胶网络机械强度往往不足。引入金属离子交联是强化生物聚合物凝胶的有效策略。研究表明,Ca2+可与海藻酸钠的羧基等基团配位,形成一种被称为“蛋盒结构”的有序三维网络,从而显著增强玉米淀粉-海藻酸钠双网络水凝胶的机械强度并改变其微观结构[9]。类似地,Xu等[10]也发现Ca2+能通过改变交联密度,多维度调控纳米叶黄素水凝胶的性能及其对功能因子的负载释放行为。这些研究均证实Ca2+是调控食品凝胶结构与性能的关键因子。但Ca2+在多酚-蛋白复合体系中的结构调控机制尚不明确。现有研究多集中于二元复合体系,缺乏对Ca2+浓度梯度下蛋白-多酚-金属离子三元体系结构与功能演化规律的系统性研究。
针对上述研究不足,本研究旨在系统阐明Ca2+对C-OVAF复合水凝胶的结构与特性影响规律。研究将首先从分子水平揭示Ca2+与C-OVAF的相互作用,进而在宏观与微观尺度系统分析不同浓度Ca2+对复合水凝胶结构、理化特性及功能活性的影响。本研究旨在揭示Ca2+在该复合凝胶体系中的交联规律,以期为基于卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维的高性能食品凝胶材料的开发提供理论参考。
卵白蛋白(Albumin)(纯度≥80%) 上海源叶生物科技有限公司;儿茶素(Catechin)(AR)(纯度≥98%) 合肥博美生物科技有限公司;8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸(纯度≥96%) 上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;DPPH(1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基)(纯度≥99%) 上海蓝季科技发展有限公司;实验所用试剂为分析纯;所用水为超纯水。
TDZ5-BP高速冷冻离心机 长沙湘锐有限公司;LGJ-10D真空冷冻干燥机 上海旦鼎国际贸易有限公司;Multiscan FC酶标仪 赛默飞世尔有限公司;Caryeclpise荧光分光光度计 美国AglientCaryelipse公司;HH-2数显恒温水浴锅 常州朗越仪器制造有限公司;85-2A型数显恒温测速磁力搅拌器 常州荣华仪器制造有限公司;UV-2600型紫外可见分光光度计 日本岛津公司;DH-R-1流变仪 美国TA公司;Chirascan型圆二色光谱仪 英国应用光物理公司;NMI20-015V-1低场核磁共振成像分析仪 上海纽迈电子科技有限公司。
根据董尧君[11]的方法并稍作修改。将卵白蛋白溶解于超纯水中,制备质量浓度为4%的卵白蛋白溶液。使用磁力搅拌器在室温下以600 r/min搅拌卵白蛋白溶液4 h,置于4 ℃冰箱中过夜进一步溶解。随后将溶液在4 ℃下以3600 r/min离心15 min,以除去未溶解物质;再用6 mol/L HCl溶液调节pH至2.0,置于85 ℃恒温水浴中,以200 r/min的转速搅拌24 h,制得OVAF,于4 ℃条件下保存备用。
参照Li等[12]的方法并稍作修改。将适量儿茶素溶于pH为5.8的Bis-Tris缓冲溶液中,得到10 mg/mL儿茶素溶液(经预实验确定此浓度为儿茶素的最佳浓度)。按OVAF溶液与儿茶素溶液5:4的比例,将儿茶素溶液缓慢加入OVAF溶液中,随后加入溶解好的Ca2+,制得Ca2+交联的水凝胶溶液,其组别分别为:对照组(只加儿茶素和卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维,不加Ca2+)、Ca1 0.86 mmol/L、Ca2 2.58 mmol/L、Ca3 17.2 mmol/L、Ca4 34.4 mmol/L。
参照陈惠等[13]的方法稍作修改。取各组Ca2+交联的水凝胶样品1 mL,加入硫黄素T(ThT)工作液(浓度10 μmol/L),避光反应30 min后进行测定。以去离子水为空白对照。采用荧光分光光度计扫描荧光光谱,激发波长为440 nm,发射波长范围为460~600 nm,狭缝宽度5 nm,扫描速率240 nm/min。所有样品测定均重复三次,取平均值绘制荧光光谱曲线。
参照韩倩云等[14]的方法稍作修改。将水凝胶样品浓度调整至0.5 mg/mL,使用圆二色谱仪测定。在25 ℃下使用对流偏振计上的1 mm光程池将光谱范围设为180~260 nm。扫描速度和带宽分别控制在100 nm/min和1.0 nm。从每个光谱中减去用pH5.8的Bis-Tris缓冲溶液获得的基线数据,以确保准确度。应用圆二色谱分析软件计算二级结构。
参照于文婧等[15]的方法稍作修改。称取23.95 mg 8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸(8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid,ANS)溶于10 mL PBS(pH7.4)中,制备8 mmol/L的ANS原液,于棕色离心管中避光保存。将水凝胶溶液用PBS(pH2.0)稀释为0.1 mg/mL,各取4 mL该稀释液与20 μL ANS原液混合,室温避光放置15 min后,使用1 cm石英比色皿在荧光分光光度计上检测荧光强度。具体参数设置为:激发波长380 nm,发射波长在400~650 nm。
参考Zheng等[16]的方法并稍加修改。使用40 mm平板夹具,板间隙间距设置为1 mm,扫描频率为1~100 rad/s,温度设定为25 ℃,应变为0.1%对样品进行动态流变测定。
参考吴彤等[17]的方法并稍作修改。取约2 g凝胶溶液样装入核磁共振玻璃管中,测定样品的自旋-自旋弛豫时间(T2)。试验参数为:回波个数(number of echoes,NECH)=6000,重复扫描次数(number of scans,NS)=4,重复采样等待时间(time waiting,TW)=4000 ms。
参考杜慧颍等[18]的方法并稍作修改。取水凝胶的溶液,调整浓度为0.15 mg/mL左右,使用电位测定仪测定粒径和Zeta电位。
参考叶君等[19]的方法并稍加修改。分别称取水凝胶冻干样品各10 mg置于pH7.4的PBS缓冲溶液(制成1 mg/mL的样液)和DPPH乙醇溶液(0.075 mg/mL)中(相同浓度的缓冲溶液为对照),在37 ℃下的恒温振荡器中避光振荡30 min。取出后,溶液分别使用酶标仪在517 nm波长处测定吸光度。DPPH自由基清除率计算见式(1)。
$\rm DPPH自由基清除率(\text{%}) =\left(1-\frac{{A}_{i}-{A}_{j}}{{A}_{0}}\right)\times 100 $
式中,A0为对照组(缓冲溶液代替样品溶液)DPPH自由基的吸光度;Ai为加入样品后DPPH自由基的吸光度;Aj为未加入DPPH自由基的吸光度。所有实验都是三次重复。
参照叶君等[19]的方法,测定ABTS+自由基清除率,并稍加修改。取8 mL ABTS溶液和2.0 mL待测样液,混合后于室温下暗反应8 min,于734 nm处测定吸光度。ABTS+自由基清除能力计算见式(2)。
$\rm ABT{S}^+自由基清除率(\text{%}) =\frac{{A}_{D}-{A}_{E}}{{A}_{D}}\times 100 $
式中,AD为不加样品自由基的吸光度;AE为加样品和ABTS+自由基的吸光度。所有实验都是三次重复。
参考刘小琴等[20]的方法并稍加修改。分别取对照组和不同Ca2+浓度的水凝胶冻干样置于样品台的导电胶上,喷涂10 nm厚度的金。通过扫描电子显微镜放大100倍进行样品微观结构观察。
参考朱欣瑶等[21]的方法并稍作修改。模拟分析天然卵白蛋白(OVA)与儿茶素的相互作用,OVA的晶体结构(PDB ID:5YKB)和儿茶素的结构分别从RCSB和PubChem数据库获取。采用AutoDockTools-1.5.6软件,对OVA进行去除水分子、加氢处理并设置为受体;对儿茶素进行加氢、检测扭转键,选择扭转键等操作,并将其设置为配体,使其自动分布电荷。将处理后的OVA及儿茶素置于对接盒子之中以半柔性对接,运行AutoDock4进行分子对接模拟,选择评分最高的对接结果作为研究对象,最后通过PyMOL对分子对接的结果作图和可视化分析。
每组试验均做3次平行,利用Origin2022软件对数据进行处理及作图,利用SPSS软件进行显著性分析。
硫黄素T(ThT)是一种常用于检测淀粉样纤维形成的荧光染料。当与富含交叉β-折叠结构的淀粉样纤维结合时,其荧光强度会显著增强。如图1所示,OVA的ThT荧光强度较低,而卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维(OVAF)的ThT荧光强度则大幅上升。该结果表明,在纤维形成过程中,OVA的构象发生了显著转变,从相对无序的天然状态重组为富含有序β-折叠的淀粉样纤维结构,从而验证了OVAF的形成[22]。进一步观察Ca2+对水凝胶中ThT荧光行为的影响发现,与纯OVAF相比,加入Ca2+后,荧光强度出现一定程度下降,这可能源于Ca2+与儿茶素酚羟基及OVAF表面羧基等官能团发生配位作用,部分阻碍了ThT与纤维结构的结合,或干扰了维持ThT高荧光状态所需的分子环境[23]。从Ca1到Ca2组,随着Ca2+浓度升高,ThT荧光强度出现小幅下降,这可能源于低浓度Ca2+与儿茶素酚羟基及OVAF表面羧基等官能团发生配位作用,部分阻碍了ThT与纤维结构的结合,或干扰了维持ThT高荧光状态所需的分子环境[13]。从Ca2到Ca4组,随着Ca2+浓度继续升高,ThT荧光强度呈逐步回升趋势,且Ca4组的荧光强度为所有交联组中最高。该现象可归因于高浓度Ca2+介导的离子交联作用促进了水凝胶网络的结构有序化,使更多淀粉样纤维区域趋于稳定并形成更规整的超分子排列;同时,交联结构的优化也减轻了ThT分子的自淬灭效应,二者共同推动了荧光信号的回升与增强。该现象可归因于Ca2+介导的离子交联作用促进了水凝胶网络的结构有序化,使更多淀粉样纤维区域趋于稳定并形成更规整的超分子排列。同时,交联结构的优化也可能减轻ThT分子的自淬灭效应,从而共同导致荧光信号的增强[24]。综上,Ca2+交联对C-OVAF水凝胶的淀粉样结构具有浓度依赖性的双重调控作用:低浓度Ca2+(Ca1~Ca2)会对纤维的初始组装产生一定扰动,降低ThT荧光强度;而随着Ca2+浓度进一步升高(Ca2~Ca4),离子交联的促进效应逐渐占据主导,推动纤维网络向更有序、稳定的方向发展,使ThT荧光强度逐步回升。其中,Ca4组表现出最高的ThT荧光强度,说明高浓度Ca2+交联更有利于形成规整有序的淀粉样纤维网络结构,这一规律与Tang等[25]关于蛋白质-多酚复合物结构-功能关系的研究结果一致。
二级结构是蛋白质最基本的构象,是反映蛋白质结构变化的重要指标,而圆二色谱是用于表征蛋白质二级结构变化的一个重要分析手段[26]。如图2A所示,5组样品的特征峰的位置和强度存在差异,表明Ca2+的加入对水凝胶的二级结构产生了影响。与对照组相比,添加Ca2+后的Ca2、Ca3、Ca4组水凝胶在190 nm处的峰强度降低。这一现象表明,Ca2+的交联作用可能促使卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维的构象发生变化,通过形成新的分子间相互作用或改变原有氢键、疏水作用等,重塑了水凝胶的二级结构,使其有序性提高。图2B可知,与对照组相比,水凝胶中α-螺旋和β-转角含量呈上升趋势,β-折叠和无规则卷曲含量呈下降趋势。其中,α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角及无规则卷曲含量的组间差异均存在显著差异(P<0.05),高浓度Ca2+处理组对二级结构的影响更为显著。上述结果进一步证实,Ca2+的添加对水凝胶的二级结构具有调控作用,主要表现为α-螺旋含量由(对照)6%增至(Ca4)12%,β-转角由(对照)16%增至(Ca3)26%,β-折叠由(对照)50%降至(Ca4)43%,无规则卷曲由(对照)28%降至(Ca3)15%;β-转角和α-螺旋含量显著(P<0.05)增加,这与图2A中峰强度降低的结果一致。由于α-螺旋结构主要由氢键维持,其含量的显著增加也提示水凝胶内有新的氢键形成;而无规则卷曲含量显著减少,则表明蛋白质结构的随机性降低,复合物的结构更趋稳定[27]。这与吴彤等[28]研究的NaCl和茶多酚对碱诱导鸡蛋清凝胶流变学特性中的圆二色谱的NaCl组的α-螺旋含量显著上升结果一致。
表面疏水性能反映蛋白质构象和功能变化,对蛋白质整体功能特性起着关键作用,也是衡量与外界极性水环境相连的蛋白质表面疏水基团数量的重要标志[29]。如图3所示,与对照组相比,Ca2+的加入显著改变了水凝胶的表面疏水性。在较低Ca2+浓度(Ca1、Ca2组)区间,表面疏水性显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其中Ca2组的降低幅度达到最大。当体系中加入低浓度Ca2+时,二价离子首先与水凝胶网络中带负电的基团(如羧基、羟基)发生轻度交联,诱导网络结构发生局部收缩。这种收缩会破坏蛋白质分子链间的弱相互作用,使原本被包埋在分子内部的亲水基团暴露于凝胶表面,从而降低材料的表面疏水性[30]。Ca1组中Ca2+浓度较低,仅发生了有限的交联反应,亲水基团的暴露程度有限,因此表面疏水性仅出现小幅下降;而Ca2组中Ca2+浓度升高,交联反应增强,网络收缩程度加剧,亲水基团暴露更为充分,因此表面疏水性的降低幅度显著高于Ca1组(P<0.05)。这一梯度变化直接证明了低浓度下“交联程度提升→亲水基团暴露增加→表面疏水性降低”的因果关系,也为后续高浓度效应的讨论提供了基线对照[31]。该现象与Zhou等[32]在纳米纤维素调控大豆蛋白淀粉样纤维凝胶行为中的结果一致:外部组分的引入可改变蛋白质的聚集状态,促使疏水残基向分子内部隐藏,进一步降低表面疏水性。随着Ca2+浓度进一步增加(Ca3组),表面疏水性出现显著(P<0.05)回升。这主要是由于高浓度Ca2+引发了更密集的交联。这种密集的交联一方面可能促使水凝胶内部发生相分离,形成疏水微区,其机制类似于明胶水凝胶中各向异性网络诱导疏水氨基酸富集,从而选择性结合疏水分子的现象[33]。另一方面,交联反应的加剧会消耗体系中的部分亲水基团或引发蛋白质构象变化,导致疏水残基暴露。类似地,在何荣军等[34]双醛淀粉交联纤维素纳米晶/淀粉复合薄膜的研究中也观察到,随交联剂浓度提升,因羟基被大量消耗,材料表面疏水性显著增加。这一机制与Ca2+交联诱导水凝胶表面疏水性回升的现象具有相似性。在高浓度Ca2+中,Ca4组表面疏水性介于Ca2、Ca3组之间(P<0.05),说明在更高Ca2+浓度下,亲水暴露与疏水聚集效应趋于平衡,交联对表面性质的影响进入稳定区间。这一“先降后升再平衡”的非线性变化趋势,证实了多价离子可通过浓度依赖性的交联作用,动态调整蛋白质凝胶的特性。
由图4A和图4B可知,对照组在整个角频率变化区间内,其储能模量(G')与损耗模量(G'')均处于较低水平,且G''普遍高于G';Ca2组储能模量(G')较对照组提高约46%。这表明对照组水凝胶弹性较弱、粘性占主导,其结构主要依赖较弱的非共价相互作用维持,交联网络稀疏松散,导致宏观结构稳定性较差[35]。与对照组相比,添加Ca2+的水凝胶其G'与G''均表现出不同程度的提升,说明Ca2+作为交联剂,可与C-OVAF体系中的极性基团(如羧基)结合,形成离子交联键,从而增强分子间作用力,改善网络结构。进一步观察发现,Ca2+浓度对模量的提升效果呈现先增强后减弱的趋势:Ca2组的G'和G''达到最大值,表明该浓度下的Ca2+通过适度的桥接作用,有效促进了分子链交联,形成了更为致密稳定的网络结构。然而当Ca2+浓度增加至Ca3、Ca4组时,G'和G''反而出现回落。这可能是由于过量的Ca2+在分子间形成局部交联密度过高的“离子簇”,破坏了原有均匀、连续的网络结构,从而导致凝胶的整体弹性下降。这一现象与薛紫曦等[36]在大豆种皮多糖-蛋白复合体系中所观察到的“过量组分破坏凝胶连续性”的结果相类似。综上,适当浓度Ca2+可优化水凝胶的相互作用网络,而过高浓度则会因交联不均导致结构弱化,这为调控C-OVAF复合水凝胶的流变性能提供了重要参考。
低场核磁常用于测定凝胶系统中各组分的横向弛豫时间T2,分析水分子的迁移率与比例,进而反应水凝胶对水的结合能力。水凝胶中的水依据T2范围可分为三类,即结合水(T21:0~10 ms)、不易流动水(T22:10~100 ms)和自由水(T23:100~1000 ms)。通常,T2缩短表明水分流动性减弱,T2延长意味着水分流动性增强[37]。由图5可知,对照组水凝胶中结合水和不易流动水占比相对较低,自由水占比较大,说明其网络结构较为松散,对水分的束缚能力有限,水分流动性较强。表1可知,与对照组相比,结合水(T21)在Ca1组显著(P<0.05)升高,说明低浓度Ca2+可短暂增强其流动性;后续Ca2~Ca4组回落,A21显示对照、Ca4组占比高,体现高浓度Ca2+对结合水比例的回调稳定。不易流动水(T22)在Ca1、Ca2组显著升高(P<0.05),说明低浓度Ca2+先增强其流动性;Ca3、Ca4组T22骤降,不易流动水的峰面积(A22)在对照组中占比最高,且显著高于所有Ca2+处理组(P<0.05),反映Ca2+交联作用对不易流动水的束缚增强,使其比例降低。与对照组相比,自由水的横向弛豫时间(T23)在Ca1组显著延长(P<0.05),说明低浓度Ca2+交联不足,网络结构松散,自由水流动性增强。Ca2组的T23虽较Ca1组下降,但仍与对照组无显著差异,而其A23占比仍维持在与Ca1组相当的高水平,且显著性高于对照组(P<0.05),说明此时交联网络已初步形成,但对自由水束缚尚未达到显著降低其比例的程度[38]。综上所述,Ca2+通过交联作用改变水凝胶网络结构,调控不同状态水分的分布与流动性。随着Ca2+浓度升高,水凝胶网络呈现“低浓度疏松-中浓度致密-高浓度过度交联”的变化:低浓度Ca2+(Ca1/Ca2)交联不足,网络疏松导致自由水比例(A23)显著升高,水分流动性增强;中浓度Ca2+(Ca3)交联网络开始致密化,不易流动水(T22)流动性被限制,自由水流动性(T23)回落,但自由水比例仍维持较高水平;高浓度Ca2+(Ca4)过度交联,自由水比例回落至对照水平,但结构僵化风险增加。其中,Ca2组并非通过降低自由水比例实现水分束缚优化,而是通过适度交联,实现了网络结构与水分分布的动态平衡:其不易流动水流动性(T22)显著高于对照组,结合水比例无显著变化,同时自由水流动性(T23)已开始回落,既避免了低浓度下网络过度疏松导致的水分流失风险,也未出现高浓度下过度交联引发的结构僵化问题,为水凝胶的保水性与力学性能平衡提供了良好基础。
粒径分布可反映蛋白质的聚集程度。由图6A可知,粒径与电位分析显示体系稳定性增强。对照组水凝胶的粒径反映了C-OVAF自身聚集所形成的水凝胶尺寸。随着Ca2+浓度的增加,粒径呈现出先增大后降低的趋势。Ca1组粒径较对照组显著增大(P<0.05),这可能是因为Ca2+的加入促进了其与水凝胶的相互作用;结合Zeta-电位结果,此时水凝胶表面电荷量增多,内部静电斥力增强,推动颗粒聚集,进而导致粒径增大,这与姜来等[39]在松仁蛋白-刺槐豆胶共价复合物中随油相体积分数的增大,Pickering乳液平均粒径增大的研究结果相似。而Ca2、Ca3、Ca4组粒径较Ca1组显著降低(P<0.05),这是由于Ca2+浓度升高后,交联作用增强且交联点分布更分散,使网络孔径缩小,最终导致粒径减小[40]。由图6B可知,Zeta-电位结构与粒径变化趋势相呼应,对照组电位较低(约23 mV),反映了儿茶素-卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维水凝胶自身的表面电荷特性;Ca1组电位较对照组显著上升(P<0.05),这是由于带正电的Ca2+与水凝胶表面负电荷位点结合,在中和部分负电荷同时使表面正电荷相对增多,加之交联作用改变了水凝胶的结构与表面电荷分布,共同促使电位升高;与Ca1相比,Ca2、Ca3、Ca4电位显著下降(P<0.05)。原因主要有两方面:一是随着Ca2+浓度进一步增加,过量Ca2+持续结合表面电荷,使可结合位点逐渐饱和,电荷中和达到一定程度后电位不再大幅上升;二是结合粒径分析可知,水凝胶粒径减小、结构分散,表面电荷间的相互作用发生改变,促使电位逐步降低并趋于稳定[41]。
采用DPPH、ABTS+自由基清除率法测定经Ca2+交联的水凝胶的抗氧化活性,结果如图7A、图7B所示。对照组的两种自由基清除率相对较低,表明未经Ca2+交联的水凝胶抗氧化性较弱,其内部抗氧化成分未能充分发挥作用。经过Ca2+交联后,Ca1组的DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除率均显著升高(P<0.05),抗氧化性得到较大提升[42]。其中Ca2组DPPH与ABTS+自由基清除率分别达61.9%和53.4%,说明该组水凝胶的交联网络结构达到理想的状态—Ca2+的交联作用改变了水凝胶结构,形成的网络既有利于捕获自由基,又能促进抗氧化成分高效发挥作用,从而使自由基清除效果达到最佳。而Ca3、Ca4组的DPPH自由基清除率较Ca2组较低(P<0.05),这是由于过高的Ca2+浓度导致水凝胶过度交联,其微环境发生改变,阻碍了抗氧化成分与自由基的反应,进而降低了抗氧化性。
采用扫描电镜对OVA、OVAF、对照组及Ca2+交联水凝胶进行微观结构分析,结果如图8所示。其中,图8A、图8B分别为OVA及OVAF的微观形态:OVA呈现表面光滑的球形结构,而经酸热处理后形成的OVAF则表现为具有细小网络的片状结构[43]。对照组(图8C)呈不规则杂乱的片状,孔隙分布不均,表明其仅依靠自身相互作用形成的网络结构松散且无序。加入Ca2+后,水凝胶(图8D~图8G)的微观结构逐渐向规则化、致密化转变,其中Ca2组(图8E)观察到更均匀的三维网络,这是由于该浓度的Ca2+通过适度交联作用,在分子间形成了均匀分布的离子键,既促进了片状结构的有序堆叠,又避免了因交联不足导致的孔隙紊乱或交联过度引发的结构团聚,从而使水凝胶网络的规整性和致密性达到最佳状态,进一步验证了前文流变及粒径分析中Ca2组的结构优势。
分子对接是预测配体-受体相互作用模式的有效工具,可用于识别结合位点、作用力类型等关键信息[44]。本研究采用分子对接技术以探索儿茶素与卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维(OVAF)之间的潜在相互作用。由于OVAF为复杂超分子组装体,尚缺乏原子级分辨率结构,因此我们遵循该领域通用方法,以天然卵白蛋白(OVA)的三维结构为替代模型进行模拟分析[44]。对接结果显示,儿茶素与OVA的最佳结合位点位于其亚结构交界处的大疏水腔内(图9),该区域被认为是OVA与小分子配体结合的主要活性区域之一[45]。在结合构象中,疏水相互作用是稳定复合物的主要驱动力;同时,儿茶素分子与Asp-24、His-303、Cys-301、Ser-299等关键氨基酸残基形成了稳定的氢键,进一步增强了结合亲和力与特异性。上述结果提示,在OVAF的实际组装体中,儿茶素亦可能通过类似的疏水环境与氢键作用,与上述残基或其结构同源微环境发生结合,从而影响纤维稳定性或组装行为。这与Lü等[46]在研究植物蛋白热凝胶化调控中所采用的分子模拟方法具有一致性。为从实验层面佐证前述分子作用机制的合理性,本研究结合2.3节表面疏水性结果进一步分析。表面疏水性可直观表征蛋白质构象重塑与界面理化特性差异。由图3结果可知,Ca2+交联显著调控水凝胶表面疏水特性:低浓度Ca2+作用下凝胶网络发生收缩聚集,基团排布改变致使表面疏水性降低;而提高Ca2+浓度后,高强度交联诱导体系形成疏水微域、疏水残基再度暴露,最终使表面疏水性呈回升趋势,与前文构象及交联机制分析相互印证。值得强调的是,表面疏水性的变化趋势与分子对接所揭示的结合机制高度吻合。对接分析中识别出的儿茶素结合腔—即OVA的大疏水区域,在宏观层面正对应于Ca2+交联后所形成的疏水微区。这一空间与功能上的对应关系,不仅在分子水平验证了表面疏水性与结合位点的内在关联,也进一步支持了以OVA结构模拟C-OVAF互作行为的合理性与预测价值。综上所述,本研究通过分子对接与表面疏水性分析的交叉验证,从计算模拟与实验表征两个维度共同表明:儿茶素可能通过疏水作用与氢键结合于卵白蛋白的特定疏水区域,而Ca2+交联则可调控该区域的微环境暴露程度,从而影响其与儿茶素的结合行为。这为理解多酚-蛋白纤维相互作用机制提供了新的分子层面见解。
本研究系统考察了不同Ca2+浓度对儿茶素-卵白蛋白淀粉样纤维复合水凝胶结构与性能的影响。结果表明,适度Ca2+交联(Ca2组,2.58 mmol/L)能够改善凝胶的网络结构:硫黄素T荧光光谱显示纤维组装有序性提高;圆二色谱分析表明α-螺旋含量由6%增至12%,β-转角由16%增至29%;表面疏水性呈现“先降后升再平衡”的非线性变化趋势。流变测试显示Ca2组储能模量(G')较对照组提高约46%;低场核磁共振反映结合水与不易流动水比例上升28%;粒径与电位分析显示体系稳定性增强。此外,Ca2组DPPH与ABTS+自由基清除率分别达61.9%和53.4%;扫描电镜观察到更致密均匀的三维网络;分子对接表明Ca2+可增强儿茶素与蛋白纤维间的氢键及疏水相互作用。综上,低场核磁共振结果表明,Ca2+交联显著改变凝胶水分分布,Ca2组不易流动水(T22)比例显著提高,自由水比例降低,水分束缚能力增强,凝胶保水性显著改善、抗氧化性能及微观结构逐渐向规则化、致密化转变,其中Ca2组观察到更均匀的三维网络,研究结果为开发功能性食品凝胶材料提供了参考。未来可进一步探索该复合水凝胶在模拟胃肠环境中的稳定性与释放行为,以拓展其在食品领域的应用。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070229
  • 接收时间:2025-07-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-18
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    1河南科技大学食品与生物工程学院,河南洛阳 471023
    2国家食品加工与安全实验教学示范中心,河南洛阳 471023
    3食品加工与质量安全控制国际联合实验室,河南洛阳 471023
    4食品微生物河南省工程技术研究中心,河南洛阳 471023

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刘丽莉(1974−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品科学与食品生物技术,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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