Article(id=1320166026650702410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070397, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753977600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792681708252, onlineDateStr=2026-10-22, pubDate=1784044800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792681708252, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792681708252, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792681708252, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320165935235846995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='14', pageStart='1', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784044800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792681686457, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792720591676, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1320329115677344178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1320329115681538483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320165935235846995, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=124, endPage=131, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320166026822668875, articleId=1320166026650702410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Effects of κ-Carrageenan on the Structure Properties and Emulsification Stability of Myofibrillar Protein from Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea), columnId=1261336277291548795, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Research and Investigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the effects of κ-carrageenan (KC) on the structure properties and emulsification stability of myofibrillar protein (MP) from large yellow croaker. Experiments were conducted to analyze the impact of different KC concentrations on the molecular weight distribution, secondary structure, surface hydrophobicity, and active sulfhydryl content of MP. Changes in turbidity, particle size, and Zeta potential of the saline-mediated MP-KC dispersion system were also measured. The results showed that KC addition did not alter on the primary structure of MP. However, different KC concentrations promoted the unwinding of α-helix structures, significantly increasing the proportion of random coils (P<0.05). Surface hydrophobicity and active sulfhydryl content of MP also increased significantly (P<0.05). Turbidity, particle size, and potential analyses revealed that the particle size of the MP-KC dispersions decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the absolute Zeta potential value increased within a certain concentration range. Emulsions prepared from this dispersion system showed significant improvements in clarity index, viscosity, shear resistance, droplet morphology and distribution. The emulsion prepared with 1% KC exhibited the best stability performance. The results preliminarily confirmed that changes in MP structure thus enhanced MP-KC interactions contributed to improved emulsion stability. This study provides a theoretical reference for developing emulsified functional products from large yellow croaker.

, authors=Jiangwei XU1, 2, Ye ZHANG1, Huixian DANG1, Ling GAO1, Wenjian CHENG1, 2, *, authorsList=Jiangwei XU, Ye ZHANG, Huixian DANG, Ling GAO, Wenjian CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjian CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320166030639485532, articleId=1320166026650702410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=κ-卡拉胶对大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构特性与乳化稳定性的影响, columnId=1261336277849391232, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=研究与探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究探讨了κ-卡拉胶(κ-carrageenan,KC)对大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP)结构特性和乳化稳定性的影响。通过实验分析了不同浓度KC对MP分子量分布、二级结构、表面疏水性和活性巯基含量,以及盐水介导的MP-KC分散体系浊度、粒径和Zeta电位的变化。结果表明,KC的添加对MP的一级结构几乎没有影响,但不同浓度的KC有利于促进分散体系中MP二级结构中α-螺旋结构解旋,无规则卷曲比例显著增加(P<0.05),同时显著提高了MP的表面疏水性和活性巯基含量(P<0.05)。浊度、粒径和电位分析结果表明,MP-KC分散体系的粒径显著降低(P<0.05),在一定浓度范围内分散胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值也有所增加。以此分散体系制得的乳液的澄清指数、粘度和抗剪切性、液滴形态和分布均有显著的改善,其中以KC浓度为1%的MP-KC分散液制得的乳液稳定性最好。实验结果初步证实了MP结构的变化和增强的MP-KC相互作用有助于提高MP乳液的稳定性,研究成果可为乳化型大黄鱼功能性制品的开发提供理论参考。

, authors=许蒋伟1, 2, 章叶1, 党慧娴1, 高玲1, 程文健1, 2, *, authorsList=许蒋伟, 章叶, 党慧娴, 高玲, 程文健, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=程文健, authorNote=

许蒋伟(2003−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
程文健(1974−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9uMy4gsff5rne48FO1RaIw==, magXml=Alwr3uAxZQ6bptaXzcsH4A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=jbh3osgtYHT0PoQWxdyyHw==, pdfFileSize=6509593, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5fZCoSsxnIPGOldbELQUvw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=PfrGN19ZdaQ8yL4VxyfO2w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320166031046333028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166026650702410, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=3444133707@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320166031268631143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166026650702410, authorId=1320166031046333028, language=EN, stringName=Jiangwei XU, firstName=Jiangwei, middleName=null, lastName=XU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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注:0.5% KC 组条带与对照组完全一致,故图中未展示。

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注:不同字母代表组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05),图3~图6同。

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Effects of κ-carrageenan on particle size and Zeta-potential of MP

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组别粒径(nm)Zeta电位(mV)
Control1935.67±62.27a−11.60±0.10b
0.5% KC1070.67±21.78c−13.33±0.13c
1.0% KC1107.00±63.55c−15.47±0.32d
1.5% KC1135.33±71.28c−16.87±0.65e
2.0% KC1592.33±66.23b−10.37±0.76a
), ArticleFig(id=1320166038319256217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320166026650702410, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

κ-卡拉胶对MP粒径和Zeta电位的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别粒径(nm)Zeta电位(mV)
Control1935.67±62.27a−11.60±0.10b
0.5% KC1070.67±21.78c−13.33±0.13c
1.0% KC1107.00±63.55c−15.47±0.32d
1.5% KC1135.33±71.28c−16.87±0.65e
2.0% KC1592.33±66.23b−10.37±0.76a
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κ-卡拉胶对大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构特性与乳化稳定性的影响
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许蒋伟 1, 2 , 章叶 1 , 党慧娴 1 , 高玲 1 , 程文健 1, 2, *
食品工业科技 | 研究与探讨 2026,47(14): 124-131
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食品工业科技 |研究与探讨 2026 , 47 (14) : 124 -131
κ-卡拉胶对大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构特性与乳化稳定性的影响
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许蒋伟1, 2 , 章叶1, 党慧娴1, 高玲1, 程文健1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1福建农林大学食品科学学院,福建福州 350002
  • 2闽台特色海洋食品加工及营养健康教育部工程研究中心,福建福州 350002
通讯作者:
程文健(1974−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
作者简介:

许蒋伟(2003−),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:

Effects of κ-Carrageenan on the Structure Properties and Emulsification Stability of Myofibrillar Protein from Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)
Jiangwei XU1, 2 , Ye ZHANG1, Huixian DANG1, Ling GAO1, Wenjian CHENG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
  • 2Ministry Education, Engineering Research Center Fujian Taiwan Special Marine Food Processing & Nutrition, Fuzhou 350002, China
出版时间: 2026-07-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070397
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本研究探讨了κ-卡拉胶(κ-carrageenan,KC)对大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白(myofibrillar protein,MP)结构特性和乳化稳定性的影响。通过实验分析了不同浓度KC对MP分子量分布、二级结构、表面疏水性和活性巯基含量,以及盐水介导的MP-KC分散体系浊度、粒径和Zeta电位的变化。结果表明,KC的添加对MP的一级结构几乎没有影响,但不同浓度的KC有利于促进分散体系中MP二级结构中α-螺旋结构解旋,无规则卷曲比例显著增加(P<0.05),同时显著提高了MP的表面疏水性和活性巯基含量(P<0.05)。浊度、粒径和电位分析结果表明,MP-KC分散体系的粒径显著降低(P<0.05),在一定浓度范围内分散胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值也有所增加。以此分散体系制得的乳液的澄清指数、粘度和抗剪切性、液滴形态和分布均有显著的改善,其中以KC浓度为1%的MP-KC分散液制得的乳液稳定性最好。实验结果初步证实了MP结构的变化和增强的MP-KC相互作用有助于提高MP乳液的稳定性,研究成果可为乳化型大黄鱼功能性制品的开发提供理论参考。

大黄鱼  /  肌原纤维蛋白  /  κ-卡拉胶  /  结构特性  /  乳化稳定性

This study investigated the effects of κ-carrageenan (KC) on the structure properties and emulsification stability of myofibrillar protein (MP) from large yellow croaker. Experiments were conducted to analyze the impact of different KC concentrations on the molecular weight distribution, secondary structure, surface hydrophobicity, and active sulfhydryl content of MP. Changes in turbidity, particle size, and Zeta potential of the saline-mediated MP-KC dispersion system were also measured. The results showed that KC addition did not alter on the primary structure of MP. However, different KC concentrations promoted the unwinding of α-helix structures, significantly increasing the proportion of random coils (P<0.05). Surface hydrophobicity and active sulfhydryl content of MP also increased significantly (P<0.05). Turbidity, particle size, and potential analyses revealed that the particle size of the MP-KC dispersions decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the absolute Zeta potential value increased within a certain concentration range. Emulsions prepared from this dispersion system showed significant improvements in clarity index, viscosity, shear resistance, droplet morphology and distribution. The emulsion prepared with 1% KC exhibited the best stability performance. The results preliminarily confirmed that changes in MP structure thus enhanced MP-KC interactions contributed to improved emulsion stability. This study provides a theoretical reference for developing emulsified functional products from large yellow croaker.

large yellow croaker  /  myofibrillar protein  /  κ-carrageenan  /  structure properties  /  emulsification stability
许蒋伟, 章叶, 党慧娴, 高玲, 程文健. κ-卡拉胶对大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构特性与乳化稳定性的影响. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (14) : 124 -131 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070397
Jiangwei XU, Ye ZHANG, Huixian DANG, Ling GAO, Wenjian CHENG. Effects of κ-Carrageenan on the Structure Properties and Emulsification Stability of Myofibrillar Protein from Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea)[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (14) : 124 -131 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070397
乳液由互不相溶的两相组成,其中一相以液滴的形式分散于另外的一种连续液相中。乳液是一种热力学不稳定系统,在贮藏过程中存在液滴融合、聚集和相分离的趋势,这使其在食品加工中的应用受到限制[1]。改善乳液稳定性的方法众多,其中半固态的乳化型凝胶可以通过具有凝胶性能基质分散形成的连续相,将乳液液滴固定在一定条件下基质形成的凝胶网络中,形成粘弹性和软硬度可调,并且具有生物活性物质缓控释能力的结构[2]。
肌原纤维蛋白(MP)是一种具有热诱导-凝胶形成能力和乳化功能的盐溶性蛋白,约占肌肉蛋白总量的50%~60%,在保持乳化型肉类制品如乳化肠等加工制品的质量方面发挥重要的作用[3],也是凝胶型生物活性物质递送系统的一种理想载体。然而,由MP单独形成乳液的结构较弱,稳定性较差[4]。众多研究表明,添加多糖类物质可以提高MP的乳化稳定性,已有的研究认为,多糖和MP之间存在静电引力、疏水相互作用和氢键等非共价相互作用,可以提高乳液粘度、防止液滴聚集和改善乳液结构[5−6]。然而,在MP/多糖分散体系中,多糖是如何影响MP结构特性,从而达到增强两者之间的相互作用,改善乳液稳定性的目的,目前鲜有这方面的研究报道。
卡拉胶(KC)是从红海藻中提取的线性亲水多糖,是食品工业中最常用的多糖之一,可以作为保水剂、胶凝剂、稳定剂、增稠剂等添加到食品中[7]。已有研究表明,卡拉胶与MP的相互作用可以改善MP的凝胶性能[8−9]。大黄鱼是我国重要的海洋养殖鱼类之一,具有很高的商业价值,其含有的MP具有良好的乳化性,对水产品及相关制品品质有关键影响。因此,在此基础上,本文以我国具有资源优势特色的大黄鱼为原料,旨在探究卡拉胶介导的盐水分散体系中大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构特性的变化及其对乳化稳定性的影响,拓展鱼油递送体系的载体选择,为大黄鱼乳化型功能性制品的开发提供理论参考。
冰鲜大黄鱼 福建岳海水产食品有限公司;氯化钠、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、氢氧化钠、溴酚蓝、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA) 分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、氯化钾、脲(尿素)、Tris-三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷、5,5’-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)(DTNB)、溴化钾、κ-卡拉胶 均为分析纯,范德(北京)生物技术有限责任公司;Bradford蛋白浓度测定试剂盒 碧云天生物技术有限公司。
SQP电子分析天平 赛多利斯科学仪器有限公司;C-MAG HS 4加热磁力搅拌器、T18 brushless高速分散机 德国IKA公司;S12-LA160绞肉机 杭州九阳生活电器有限公司;IMS-20全自动雪花制冰机 常熟市雪科电器有限公司;Avanti J-E冷冻离心机 美国Beckman公司;STARTER 2100型pH计 常州奥豪斯仪器有限公司;SpectraMax i3x型多功能酶标仪 上海美谷分子仪器有限公司;basic+MP4+miniTrans-Blot Cell电泳系统 上海伯乐仪器有限公司;T6新世纪紫外可见分光光度计 北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司;TGL-20 M台式高速冷冻离心机 湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司;LGJ-12S真空冷冻干燥机 北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司;VERTEX 70布鲁克傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 北京科技有限公司;Zatasizer Nano Zeta电位及粒度分析仪 英国马尔文仪器有限公司;LUMiFuge 111快速稳定分析仪 德国罗姆仪器有限公司;MODEL ECLIPSE Ts2倒置显微镜 尼康精机(上海)有限公司;MCR301 Rheoplus流变仪 奥地利安东帕有限公司。
参考Wang等[10]的方法略微修改,冰鲜大黄鱼去除头、尾、鱼鳞、内脏和鱼皮,取大黄鱼背部肉,将鱼肉与冰水(3~10 ℃)以1:3(w/v)的比例漂洗两次,每次漂洗8 min,静置3 min。漂洗后的鱼肉用4层纱布沥干后切成体积约为1 cm×1 cm×1 cm的小块,用绞肉机搅碎成鱼糜。将制备好的鱼糜加入4倍体积的冰磷酸盐缓冲液(0.02 mol/L,pH7.5),搅拌均匀后用匀浆机以10000 r/min匀浆60 s,直至鱼糜和缓冲液充分混匀。然后用冷冻离心机在4 ℃以7500 r/min离心10 min后弃上清液,取沉淀,在上述相同的均质和离心条件下重复3次,得到粗肌原纤维蛋白。再在上述相同的均质和离心条件与4倍体积的0.1 mol/L的NaCl溶液洗涤2次。最后一次洗涤,需将悬浮液用2层纱布过滤,所得滤液离心取沉淀,将所得的肌原纤维蛋白浓缩物储存在4 ℃下,48 h内使用。
参考Brion-Espinoza等[11]的方法,利用考马斯亮蓝法测试肌原纤维蛋白浓度,采用Bradford蛋白浓度测定试剂盒,取适量样品加入0.6 mol/L NaCl溶液(pH7.5)在4 ℃下磁力搅拌2 h使其稀释浓度范围在0.1~1.5 mg/mL之间,并用酶标仪在595 nm下测定其吸光度,以牛血清蛋白为标准品制作标准曲线,得到的标准曲线方程为y=5.2729x+0.4625,(R2=0.9938)。根据标准曲线和使用的样品体积计算出样品中的蛋白浓度。
参照Yan等[12]的方法并作修改。在250 mL玻璃烧杯中倒入96 g蒸馏水,将KC(4 g)分散到涡流中的烧杯里,并在高温下(55 ℃)使用磁力搅拌器以500 r/min连续搅拌1 h以分散KC。之后,将KC悬浮液(4.0wt%),在4 °C的冰箱中储存过夜,以允许最大程度的水合作用。
将KC原液(4.0wt%)、0.6 mol/L NaCl (pH7.5)分别与提取的MP混合,得到最终KC浓度分别为0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%,MP终浓度均为4%(w/w)的MP/KC分散液,将KC/MP分散液在4 ℃下用电动搅拌器500 r/min搅拌10 min,然后在4 ℃条件下静置备用,同时以未添加KC的同浓度MP分散液为对照组。
用0.6 mol/L的NaCl(pH7.5)将KC/MP分散液中MP稀释至2 mg/mL,与5×上样缓冲液按4:1(v:v)比例混合,在90 ℃中水浴加热6~10 min后冷却至室温,使用5%浓缩胶和10%分离胶进行电泳。使用染色液考马斯亮蓝(R-250)对凝胶进行染色过夜,采用脱色液(50%乙醇和7.5%乙酸)脱色至背景清晰,采用凝胶成像系统进行拍照分析。
使用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪测定样品二级结构。样品经冻干之后与溴化钾晶体以质量比1:100的比例充分混合并研磨成为粉末。混合物使用压片机压成厚度均匀的溴化钾窗片进行测定。扫描波长4000~400 cm−1,速度4 cm−1,温度25 ℃,模式为单波束模式,间隔32次扫描[13]。使用PeakFit v. 4.1.1软件对酰胺I带(1700~1600 cm−1)进行去卷积并校正基线,进行曲线拟合之后将所有分峰匹配不同的二级结构,根据每个二级结构的峰面积与总峰面积的比值计算二级结构的百分含量。
根据Yin等[14]的方法,用0.6 mol/L的NaCl(pH7.5)将KC/MP分散液中MP浓度稀释至5 mg/mL,取1 mL上述稀释液加入9 mL 0.2 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(内含2% SDS、10 mmol/L EDTA,pH6.8),混匀后取出4 mL混合液加入0.4 mL 0.1%的DTNB(溶于0.2 mol/L的Tris-HCl中,pH8.0),在40 ℃水浴25 min,用酶标仪在412 nm波长处测定吸光度。空白组用0.6 mol/L NaCl溶液代替。按下式计算活性巯基含量:
$ \text { 活性巯基含量 }(\text{µ} \mathrm{mol} / \mathrm{g})=\frac{73.53 \times \mathrm{A} \times \mathrm{n}}{\mathrm{c}} $
式中:A为波长412 nm处的吸光度;n为MP稀释倍数;c为蛋白溶液质量浓度(mg/mL)。
参照Pan等[15]方法,将KC/MP分散液用0.6 mol/L的NaCl(pH7.5)稀释至MP浓度为5 mg/mL,在5 mL的稀释溶液中加入300 µL溴酚蓝溶液(1 mg/mL),通过涡旋混合均匀后,在4 ℃,7000 r/min下离心15 min,取上清液稀释10倍后再如上述离心1次后,取上清液用酶标仪在595 nm波长处测定吸光值。以提取B液(0.6 mol/L NaCl,pH7.5)作为对照。计算公式如下:
$\rm \text { 表面疏水性 }(\text{µ} \mathrm{g})=300\; \text{µ} \mathrm{L} \times \frac{A_{\text {对照 }}-A_{\text {样品 }}}{A_{\text {对照 }}} $
式中:A为波长595 nm处的吸光度。
参照Cao等[16]的方法,并稍作修改。将KC/MP分散液用5 mmol/L(pH7.5)磷酸盐缓冲液(含0.6 mol/L的NaCl)稀释至MP浓度为1 mg/mL,使用紫外可见分光光度计在600 nm波长处测定吸光值,溶液的吸光值被视为浊度。
使用Zeta电位及粒度分析仪测定样品的粒径和Zeta电位。用5 mmol/L(pH7.5)磷酸盐缓冲液将KC/MP分散液稀释40倍,仪器参数设定为:颗粒折射率为1.520,分散剂折射率为1.330,吸光率为0.1。在收集数据之前,将样品在仪器内部平衡120 s再进行测量,每个样本重复3次,取平均值。
将1.2.2步骤制备的各样品稀释至蛋白含量为1 mg/mL,与鱼油以7:3(v/v)混合,将混合物在4 ℃条件下用手持式均质机以10000 r/min的速度均质1 min,每均质30 s停30 s,得到乳液。将上述制备的乳液用纯水将乳液稀释40倍,振荡混匀后吸取50 μL样液滴到载玻片上,选择视野清晰、液滴分布较均匀的区域进行拍照记录。
根据Zheng等[17]的方法使用LUM稳定性分析仪测试乳液稳定性,取470 μL新鲜乳液于离心管中,仪器参数为轮廓线300、离心时间50 min、转速3000 r/min、温度4 ℃。使用SEPView 6软件分析数据,计算澄清指数;使用流变仪对乳液进行测定,选用50 mm的平板,设置夹缝间距为1.00 mm,剪切速率为0.1~100 s−1,温度设定为25 ℃,测定剪切过程中黏度的变化。
所有实验均在同一实验条件下重复3次,并计算其算术平均值±标准差。使用Excel 2016对数据进行处理分析;使用SPSS 26对数据进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),多重比较得到差异显著性分析结果(P<0.05);使用Origin Pro 2021进行数据图像处理。
大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白的SDS-PAGE条带主要对应于肌球蛋白重链(220 kDa)、副肌球蛋白(97 kDa)、肌动蛋白(43 kDa)、原肌球蛋白(37 kDa)、肌球蛋白轻链(15~20 kDa),其中肌球蛋白重链和肌动蛋白对肌原纤维蛋白的功能特性起到重要作用[18]。不同含量KC对大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白分子量分布的影响如图1所示。由图1可知,与对照组相比,样品组的蛋白条带未出现消失或增加,且颜色没有发生明显变化,说明组成大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白的各组成部分如肌球蛋白、肌动蛋白等的分子量不受KC的影响,在该浓度范围的κ-卡拉胶/肌原纤维蛋白分散体系中,大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白的一级结构保持不变。
蛋白质的二级结构包括α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角、无规则卷曲,二级结构的变化会引起蛋白质结构的折叠或展开,从而影响蛋白质的功能特性。傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)常用于蛋白质二级结构分析,根据Zhang等[19]所述,α-螺旋对应1660~1650 cm−1谱带,β-折叠对应1640~1600 cm−1谱带,β-转角对应1700~1660 cm−1谱带,无规则卷曲对应1650~1640 cm−1谱带。KC对MP二级结构的影响如图2所示。由图2可知,对照组单相体系中MP二级结构α-螺旋、β-折叠、β-转角和无规则卷曲的比例分别为26.55%±0.45%、35.62%±2.59%、22.75%±3.04%和15.07%±0.85%,这与Sun等[13]的研究结果相一致。与对照组相比,在MP体系中添加浓度为0.5%、1%、1.5%、2%的KC后,MP的α-螺旋结构的含量均显著降低(P<0.05),分别从26.55%降低至13.35%、12.51%、12.43%和13.11%,无规则卷曲的含量显著增加(P<0.05),分别从15.07%上升至27.52%、29.41%、29.46%和28.06%,但在实验设置浓度范围内,KC对MP的α-螺旋结构含量的影响差异并不显著,KC的添加对无规则卷曲、β-折叠和β-转角的含量影响较小。这可能是由于KC中含有大量的羟基,其与蛋白质主链上的C=O和N-H竞争氢键,从而促使螺旋结构解旋,并向无规则卷曲等其它结构转变。MP这种由有序向松散结构的转变,导致肌原纤维蛋白质分子膨胀和展开,二级结构的这种变化对于肌原纤维蛋白的功能特性如乳化特性有着重要的影响[5]。
活性巯基是指暴露在蛋白质表面的巯基,是蛋白质中的活性功能基团,其容易氧化形成稳定的二硫键,在维持蛋白质三级结构和四级结构中起重要作用[20]。从图3可以看出,在MP分散体系中添加0.5% KC、1% KC、1.5% KC和2% KC样品的活性巯基含量均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),表明KC的添加可以提高MP的活性巯基含量,且随着KC浓度的增加,活性巯基含量逐渐增加,这可能是因为KC可以促使蛋白分子结构逐渐展开,内部巯基逐渐暴露出来,从而使活性巯基含量增加。活性巯基的增加对于油脂在MP分散体系的乳化过程中在油滴表面形成具有良好结构的界面膜具有重要的作用。Zhuang等[21]的研究表明,在乳化过程中由于MP二硫键的形成以及疏水相互作用,在乳液油滴的表面形成更有利于稳定乳液的界面膜,从而提高MP的乳化稳定性。
表面疏水性不仅与蛋白质表面疏水性氨基酸残基的分布有关,而且和蛋白质的结构和构象也有着密切的关系。蛋白质表面疏水性的变化,能够反映蛋白质分子结构和微观构象的变化[22]。加入KC对肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性的影响如图4所示,未添加KC组的表面疏水性为74.6695 μg,添加KC显著提升了MP的表面疏水性(P<0.05),且表面疏水性随着KC添加量的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,添加了0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2% KC的组别表面疏水性分别提升了57.34%、63.19%、55.04%、40.27%,这与Cao等[16]的研究结果类似,在低浓度范围内,MP-KC混合溶胶的表面疏水性随着KC浓度的增加而显著增加。KC提升了MP表面疏水性的原因可能在于KC可与MP内部的亲水基团发生反应,从而使得MP的二级结构由有序的螺旋结构向无序的无规则卷曲转变。这种改变影响了MP的构象,促进肌原纤维蛋白结构展开,从而暴露出更多埋藏在蛋白质分子内部的疏水性基团,使其呈现出更高的表面疏水性[23]。从图4中也可以发现,随着KC浓度的增加,MP的表面疏水性有所降低,这可能是由于较高浓度的KC与肌原纤维蛋白之间存在空间位阻效应,一定程度影响了MP的结构展开。在一定范围内,MP表面疏水性的提高,有利于提高MP的表面活性。
粒径的变化可以反映肌原纤维蛋白分子间的聚集程度,蛋白质分子间的聚集会降低其水合能力[24]。本文考察KC的加入对肌原纤维蛋白粒径与Zeta电位的影响,结果如表1所示。与对照组相比,KC的添加可以显著降低肌原纤维蛋白的粒径(P<0.05),当KC浓度为0.5%、1.0%和1.5%时,MP-KC混合体系的粒径显著降低(P<0.05),在此浓度范围内,分散体系中MP粒径无显著差异。而当KC浓度增加到2%时,MP-KC混合体系的粒径有所增加(1592.33±66.23 nm)(P<0.05),这可能是因为随着KC浓度的增加,由于KC和蛋白质颗粒之间的相互作用使得颗粒璧层变厚,导致粒径上升,但仍低于对照组。Zhao等[25]研究也表明,添加海藻酸钠会减小MP-海藻酸钠混合物的粒径,主要是由于形成了可溶性蛋白质-多糖复合物。
颗粒表面的有效电荷对于分散体系中颗粒的分散和聚集有重要影响。通常,较高的Zeta电位绝对值下分散相不易聚集,反之较低的Zeta电位绝对值下更容易聚集。由表1可知,与未添加KC组相比,添加1% KC和1.5% KC显著增加了MP的Zeta电位绝对值(P<0.05),而2% KC显著降低了MP的Zeta电位绝对值(P<0.05)。本研究中Zeta电位绝对值变化趋势与Zhao等[25]的研究结果一致,MP-海藻酸钠混合物的Zeta电位绝对值先明显增加,然后略有下降。KC作为具有硫酸根基团的阴离子海藻多糖,带有一定量的负电荷[26],MP的带电氨基团(-NH3+)与KC带负电的酯硫酸盐基团之间存在相互作用,所以KC的存在使MP/KC分散体系中蛋白质颗粒产生了更高的Zeta电位绝对值。
以上粒径和电位分析结果表明,KC/MP分散体系中,MP分子的展开可以提高其与KC之间的相互作用,有效防止MP聚集,提高其分散性与溶解性。
浊度是衡量分散液对光散射和吸收能力的指标,与分散液中颗粒的粒径、数量以及光学性质密切相关。KC/MP分散液的浊度如图5所示。结果表明,随着KC添加量的增加,MP-KC混合体系的浊度增加(P<0.05)。如前面实验结果所述,在KC/MP分散液中,KC的存在可以防止蛋白质分子聚集形成大的颗粒[27]。同时高度展开的MP和带相反电荷的多糖通过静电引力可以形成复合物[28],但复合物的粒径较小。因此总体上,虽然添加KC使分散液中蛋白质的颗粒粒径变小,而单位体积内颗粒数量却显著增加,从而导致分散液浊度有所增加。
在乳液制备中,蛋白质通常作为乳化剂,利用其两亲特性提供空间或静电斥力来稳定油滴[29]。Lumisizer稳定性分析仪基于Stocks理论及BeerLambert定律,利用近红外光对样品实时扫描分析乳液样品,直接客观地反映样品分层、沉降、聚合等状态的变化,测定的澄清指数可以衡量乳液的稳定性,在相同条件下澄清指数越大(接近于1)说明乳液分离较快,乳液不稳定[30]。KC对MP稳定的鱼油乳液澄清指数的影响如图6所示。由图6可知,与对照组相比,不同浓度KC的添加均可使MP稳定的乳液体系的澄清指数减小,表明添加KC后,MP乳液具有更好的稳定性,其可能原因是多糖和MP共同有效地包裹油滴,形成粘弹性的保护层进而促进乳液的稳定性。各组样品中,1% KC-MP-鱼油乳液的稳定性最佳。
流变学测试结果(图7)表明各样品的表观粘度随剪切速率的增加呈非线性降低趋势,所有样品均表现出剪切稀化的行为,表现出假塑性流体特性[31],出现该现象的原因是剪切行为破坏了先前的分子排列模式,蛋白质聚集体之间的键断裂,导致液滴在流动方向上的重新排列[32]。从测试结果也可以看出,在同一剪切速率下,添加KC的MP乳液表观黏度均高于空白对照组,可见添加KC可以使乳液液滴在剪切过程中很好地抵抗外力的破坏,使乳液的表观黏度维持在较高水平,从而提高乳液的稳定性。从图7中也可以发现在低剪切速率时,添加了1% KC的MP乳液样品表观黏度最高,过高的KC添加量反而降低了乳液的粘度,不利于乳液的稳定。通过光学显微镜观察,如图8所示,与对照组相比,添加KC可以使乳液中液滴分布更均匀。这可能是因为MP和KC相互作用,紧密吸附在油滴表面,形成更加致密的界面膜,同时KC具有较强的静电排斥力,因此可以使乳液液滴充分分散,减少聚集[33]。
本文探究了盐水介导的分散体系下KC对大黄鱼肌原纤维蛋白结构特性的影响。与对照组相比,KC的添加对MP的一级结构几乎没有影响,但其有利于促进分散体系中MP二级结构中α-螺旋结构解旋,致使α-螺旋比例显著降低,无规则卷曲比例显著增加,从而促进了MP分子链的展开,暴露出更多疏水基团,显著提高了MP的表面疏水性和活性巯基含量。浊度、粒径和电位分析结果表明,与对照组相比,MP-KC分散体系的粒径显著降低,在一定KC浓度范围内分散胶粒的Zeta电位绝对值也有所增加。且将鱼油加入此分散体系中乳化后制得的乳液通过快速稳定性测试、流变特性分析以及微观结构观察的结果表明,KC存在情况下,乳液的澄清指数、粘度和抗剪切性、液滴形态和分布均有显著的改善,其中以KC浓度为1%的MP-KC分散液制得的乳液稳定性最好。综上,本文研究分析结果初步证实了KC的加入改善了MP的结构功能特性,且在以该分散体系制得的乳液中,MP-KC的相互作用有助于提高MP乳液的稳定性。该研究成果拓展了鱼油递送体系的载体选择,且为乳化型大黄鱼功能性制品的开发提供理论参考。

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2026年第47卷第14期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025070397
  • 接收时间:2025-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-22
  • 出版时间:2026-07-15
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    1福建农林大学食品科学学院,福建福州 350002
    2闽台特色海洋食品加工及营养健康教育部工程研究中心,福建福州 350002

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程文健(1974−),男,博士,副教授,研究方向:水产品加工,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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