Article(id=1320884297108665130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, issueId=1320883558764359808, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030292, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742486400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1792852957274, onlineDateStr=2026-10-24, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1792852957274, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1792852957274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1792852957274, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1320883558764359808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, year='2026', volume='47', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='524', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776182400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-15', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1792852781239, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1792852781239, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=359, endPage=367, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1320884297469375275, articleId=1320884297108665130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=EN, title=Preparation of Clove Essential Oil Liposomes Modified with Chitosan and Their Effect on Beef Ball Preservation, columnId=1261343845820805453, journalTitle=Science and Technology of Food Industry, columnName=Storage and Preservation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the stability of double-loaded clove essential oil liposomes (DLCL), chitosan was used for surface modification, and the modified liposomes were comprehensively evaluated for their physicochemical properties and storage stability. The average particle size of chitosan-modified DLCL (CS-DLCL) was 330.43 nm, the PDI was 0.24, the Zeta potential was 17.78 mV, and the encapsulation rate was as high as 70.75%. These were obtained via optimization experiments with an optimal chitosan modification concentration of 3.5 mg/mL. FTIR analysis confirmed the electrostatic interaction between chitosan and DLCL. After 30 days of storage, the essential oil retention rate reached 87.08%. In terms of beef meatball freshness preservation, the ice temperature+CS-DLCL treatment group showed the best results, with the pH value of all meatballs increasing gradually over the storage period, and with the ice temperature +CS-DLCL group maintaining the lowest pH value during the 12-day storage period. Moreover, the total number of bacterial colonies grew the slowest, reaching 6.08 lg CFU/g (critical value of 6.0 lg CFU/g) only on the 12th day, significantly extending the shelf-life in the refrigerated group from 2~4 days to 10~12 days. Protein oxidation analysis showed that the ice temperature+CS-DLCL group had the lowest carbonyl content and the highest sulfhydryl content at the end of storage. This was further confirmed by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value analysis, which indicated the lowest lipid oxidation in this group, suggesting a synergistic effect of ice temperature and CS-DLCL in preserving beef meatballs. In addition, the meatballs in the ice temperature+CS-DLCL group maintained the best quality and sensory evaluation scores throughout storage. Collectively, the present study offers valuable insights for applying chitosan-modified double-loaded clove essential oil liposomes in beef meatball preservation.

, authors=Yangyang LI1, Zeliang QI1, Haojuan CHEN2, Jinling WANG1, Qingling WANG1, *, authorsList=Yangyang LI, Zeliang QI, Haojuan CHEN, Jinling WANG, Qingling WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qingling WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Science and Technology of Food Industry. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1320884300602520378, articleId=1320884297108665130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, language=CN, title=壳聚糖修饰的丁香精油脂质体制备及对牛肉丸的保鲜效果, columnId=1261343846517059923, journalTitle=食品工业科技, columnName=贮运保鲜, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高双加载丁香精油脂质体的稳定性,本研究利用壳聚糖修饰双加载丁香精油脂质体(Chitosan coated double-loaded clove essential oil liposomes,CS-DLCL),并系统评价了其理化特性与贮藏稳定性。通过优化实验确定壳聚糖最佳修饰浓度为3.5 mg/mL,所得CS-DLCL的平均粒径为330.43 nm,PDI为0.24,Zeta电位达17.78 mV,包封率高达70.75%。傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)证实了壳聚糖与DLCL之间的静电相互作用,贮藏30 d后精油保留率达87.08%。在牛肉丸保鲜应用研究中,冰温+CS-DLCL处理组表现出最优效果:随贮藏时间延长,肉丸pH逐渐上升,冰温+CS-DLCL组在12 d内pH最低;菌落总数增长最慢,第12 d才达到6.08 lg CFU/g(临界值6.0 lg CFU/g),货架期从冷藏组的2~4 d显著延长至10~12 d。蛋白氧化分析显示,冰温+CS-DLCL组在贮藏末期羰基含量最低,巯基含量最高,硫代巴比妥酸反应物值(Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances,TBARS)分析进一步证实,该组脂质氧化程度最低,表明冰温联合CS-DLCL在牛肉丸保鲜中具有一定的协同增效作用。此外,冰温+CS-DLCL组肉丸在整个贮藏过程中的品质和感官评价结果最佳。本研究为壳聚糖修饰双加载丁香精油脂质体在牛肉丸保鲜领域的应用提供参考。

, authors=李扬扬1, 漆泽亮1, 陈好娟2, 王金玲1, 王庆玲1, *, authorsList=李扬扬, 漆泽亮, 陈好娟, 王金玲, 王庆玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王庆玲, authorNote=

李扬扬(2002−),女,本科,研究方向:畜产品加工及质量控制,E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
王庆玲(1981−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工及质量控制,E-mail:。
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《食品工业科技》编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=h3rEiw70kQ5DBfqGjmZG5w==, magXml=3xiWaV6kSJStflJpJQGeWg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CtKhgBLPTmKPkguNnPozag==, pdfFileSize=3306466, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=GcgdT2IjkwojZbvaWGzbEg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=7ns/jHCY/cSCEDoQZEHfzA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1320884301026145090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=3168860003@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1320884301164557124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, authorId=1320884301026145090, language=EN, stringName=Yangyang LI, firstName=Yangyang, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1School of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1320884301281997637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, authorId=1320884301026145090, language=CN, stringName=李扬扬, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1石河子大学食品学院,新疆石河子 832003, bio={"content":"

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Journal of Food Engineering, 2020, 266: 109696., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884310144562076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张典, 陈金玉, 张坤生, 等. 香蕉皮多酚的提取及其对肉丸贮藏品质的影响[J]. 食品研究与开发, 2019, 40(3): 23−30,111. [ZHANG Dian, CHEN Jinyu, ZHANG Kunsheng, et al. Extraction of polyphenol from banana(Musa nana lour.) peels and its effect on storage quality of meat balls[J]. Food Research and Development, 2019, 40(3): 23−30,111.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1320884310207476637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Dian, CHEN Jinyu, ZHANG Kunsheng, et al. Extraction of polyphenol from banana(Musa nana lour.) peels and its effect on storage quality of meat balls[J]. 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注:a~e表示不同贮藏时间的显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=aw+Yncg2DiSyHYwBqIISnA==, figureFileBig=ZVE5jWiOi8jyIsnlmvNw9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884303140074342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Changes in pH of meatballs under different storage methods, figureFileSmall=TPFSXiIOY6SWzmu4ziNyxw==, figureFileBig=HfMUSnT4l2leNlr2rVn7bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884303198794599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同贮藏方式下肉丸pH的变化

注:a~f表示同组在不同时间pH的显著性差异(P<0.05);A~D代表不同组在同一时间pH的显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=TPFSXiIOY6SWzmu4ziNyxw==, figureFileBig=HfMUSnT4l2leNlr2rVn7bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884303261709160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Changes in total bacterial count of meatballs under different storage methods, figureFileSmall=ckdTvo6GFfU2LtydL22ULA==, figureFileBig=thSLfpk+E0SeiFxV7DygIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884303324623721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同贮藏方式下肉丸菌落总数的变化

注:a~e表示同组在不同时间菌落总数的显著性差异(P<0.05);A~C代表不同组在同一时间菌落总数的显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=ckdTvo6GFfU2LtydL22ULA==, figureFileBig=thSLfpk+E0SeiFxV7DygIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884304956207978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Changes in the carbonyl content (a) and total sulfhydryl content (b) of meatballs under different storage methods, figureFileSmall=H+4qhmwBSxS1DsrpZvIvpg==, figureFileBig=PqMhWFXTKGObXvKEHiiYQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884305035899755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同贮藏方式下肉丸羰基含量(a)和总巯基含量(b)的变化

注:a~g表示同组在不同时间羰基含量的显著性差异(P<0.05);A~D代表不同组在同一时间羰基含量的显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=H+4qhmwBSxS1DsrpZvIvpg==, figureFileBig=PqMhWFXTKGObXvKEHiiYQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884305115591532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Changes in TBARS value of meatballs with different storage methods, figureFileSmall=q75eNodH2U5IBIseMIvhDg==, figureFileBig=2NUyguldBaiBZkMdoM3T4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884305178506093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同贮藏方式下肉丸TBARS值的变化

注:a~g表示同组在不同时间TBARS的显著性差异(P<0.05);A~D代表不同组在同一时间TBARS的显著性差异(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=q75eNodH2U5IBIseMIvhDg==, figureFileBig=2NUyguldBaiBZkMdoM3T4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884305241420654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Changes in the appearance of meatballs under different storage conditions and their effect on sensory evaluation of meatballs, figureFileSmall=JM1c30kjehnqhLTuZgmmIw==, figureFileBig=BZ30VLNuVxxzwWm+EDgUFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884305312723823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同贮藏方式下肉丸的外观变化及对肉丸感官评价的影响, figureFileSmall=JM1c30kjehnqhLTuZgmmIw==, figureFileBig=BZ30VLNuVxxzwWm+EDgUFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1320884305375638384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sensory evaluation standard of meatballs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分值
7~104~61~3
色泽表面有光泽,红色或鲜红色表面微干,红色不均匀,略暗淡表面无光泽,发灰,暗淡
质地弹性大,外表微湿润,不黏手弹性较好,外表湿润,但不黏手弹性小,有渗水现象,粘手
气味鲜牛肉正常的气味浓郁,无异味鲜牛肉正常的气味较浓,略有异味鲜牛肉正常的气味较淡,异味明显
总体接受度满意可以接受不满意
), ArticleFig(id=1320884305442747249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肉丸的感官评价标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分值
7~104~61~3
色泽表面有光泽,红色或鲜红色表面微干,红色不均匀,略暗淡表面无光泽,发灰,暗淡
质地弹性大,外表微湿润,不黏手弹性较好,外表湿润,但不黏手弹性小,有渗水现象,粘手
气味鲜牛肉正常的气味浓郁,无异味鲜牛肉正常的气味较浓,略有异味鲜牛肉正常的气味较淡,异味明显
总体接受度满意可以接受不满意
), ArticleFig(id=1320884305501467506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Vesicle size, polydispersity index, Zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency of CS-DLCL after coating with chitosan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
壳聚糖浓度
(mg/mL)
囊泡大小
(nm)
多分散指数
(PDI)
Zeta电位
(mV)
包封率
(%)
0217.27±1.18e0.24±0.01c−21.99±0.67d66.60±2.19b
2.5315.10±1.21d0.25±0.01c−7.07±1.01c68.52±0.91ab
3326.97±5.24c0.24±0.01c5.25±1.71b69.93±0.86a
3.5330.43±3.45c0.24±0.00c17.78±1.39a70.75±1.11a
4361.97±1.43b0.28±0.01b18.81±2.12a68.88±1.46ab
4.5379.60±9.23a0.33±0.00a19.07±0.71a68.07±1.76ab
), ArticleFig(id=1320884305564382067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1260987677001138203, articleId=1320884297108665130, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

壳聚糖包埋后CS-DLCL囊泡大小、多分散指数、Zeta电位和包封率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
壳聚糖浓度
(mg/mL)
囊泡大小
(nm)
多分散指数
(PDI)
Zeta电位
(mV)
包封率
(%)
0217.27±1.18e0.24±0.01c−21.99±0.67d66.60±2.19b
2.5315.10±1.21d0.25±0.01c−7.07±1.01c68.52±0.91ab
3326.97±5.24c0.24±0.01c5.25±1.71b69.93±0.86a
3.5330.43±3.45c0.24±0.00c17.78±1.39a70.75±1.11a
4361.97±1.43b0.28±0.01b18.81±2.12a68.88±1.46ab
4.5379.60±9.23a0.33±0.00a19.07±0.71a68.07±1.76ab
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壳聚糖修饰的丁香精油脂质体制备及对牛肉丸的保鲜效果
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李扬扬 1 , 漆泽亮 1 , 陈好娟 2 , 王金玲 1 , 王庆玲 1, *
食品工业科技 | 贮运保鲜 2026,47(8): 359-367
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食品工业科技 |贮运保鲜 2026 , 47 (8) : 359 -367
壳聚糖修饰的丁香精油脂质体制备及对牛肉丸的保鲜效果
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李扬扬1 , 漆泽亮1, 陈好娟2, 王金玲1, 王庆玲1, *
作者信息
  • 1石河子大学食品学院,新疆石河子 832003
  • 2乌鲁木齐海关技术中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830018
通讯作者:
王庆玲(1981−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工及质量控制,E-mail:。
作者简介:

李扬扬(2002−),女,本科,研究方向:畜产品加工及质量控制,E-mail:

Preparation of Clove Essential Oil Liposomes Modified with Chitosan and Their Effect on Beef Ball Preservation
Yangyang LI1 , Zeliang QI1, Haojuan CHEN2, Jinling WANG1, Qingling WANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Food Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
  • 2Technical Center of Urumqi Customs, Urumqi 830018, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030292
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为提高双加载丁香精油脂质体的稳定性,本研究利用壳聚糖修饰双加载丁香精油脂质体(Chitosan coated double-loaded clove essential oil liposomes,CS-DLCL),并系统评价了其理化特性与贮藏稳定性。通过优化实验确定壳聚糖最佳修饰浓度为3.5 mg/mL,所得CS-DLCL的平均粒径为330.43 nm,PDI为0.24,Zeta电位达17.78 mV,包封率高达70.75%。傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)证实了壳聚糖与DLCL之间的静电相互作用,贮藏30 d后精油保留率达87.08%。在牛肉丸保鲜应用研究中,冰温+CS-DLCL处理组表现出最优效果:随贮藏时间延长,肉丸pH逐渐上升,冰温+CS-DLCL组在12 d内pH最低;菌落总数增长最慢,第12 d才达到6.08 lg CFU/g(临界值6.0 lg CFU/g),货架期从冷藏组的2~4 d显著延长至10~12 d。蛋白氧化分析显示,冰温+CS-DLCL组在贮藏末期羰基含量最低,巯基含量最高,硫代巴比妥酸反应物值(Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances,TBARS)分析进一步证实,该组脂质氧化程度最低,表明冰温联合CS-DLCL在牛肉丸保鲜中具有一定的协同增效作用。此外,冰温+CS-DLCL组肉丸在整个贮藏过程中的品质和感官评价结果最佳。本研究为壳聚糖修饰双加载丁香精油脂质体在牛肉丸保鲜领域的应用提供参考。

丁香精油  /  双加载脂质体  /  稳定性  /  牛肉丸保鲜

To enhance the stability of double-loaded clove essential oil liposomes (DLCL), chitosan was used for surface modification, and the modified liposomes were comprehensively evaluated for their physicochemical properties and storage stability. The average particle size of chitosan-modified DLCL (CS-DLCL) was 330.43 nm, the PDI was 0.24, the Zeta potential was 17.78 mV, and the encapsulation rate was as high as 70.75%. These were obtained via optimization experiments with an optimal chitosan modification concentration of 3.5 mg/mL. FTIR analysis confirmed the electrostatic interaction between chitosan and DLCL. After 30 days of storage, the essential oil retention rate reached 87.08%. In terms of beef meatball freshness preservation, the ice temperature+CS-DLCL treatment group showed the best results, with the pH value of all meatballs increasing gradually over the storage period, and with the ice temperature +CS-DLCL group maintaining the lowest pH value during the 12-day storage period. Moreover, the total number of bacterial colonies grew the slowest, reaching 6.08 lg CFU/g (critical value of 6.0 lg CFU/g) only on the 12th day, significantly extending the shelf-life in the refrigerated group from 2~4 days to 10~12 days. Protein oxidation analysis showed that the ice temperature+CS-DLCL group had the lowest carbonyl content and the highest sulfhydryl content at the end of storage. This was further confirmed by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value analysis, which indicated the lowest lipid oxidation in this group, suggesting a synergistic effect of ice temperature and CS-DLCL in preserving beef meatballs. In addition, the meatballs in the ice temperature+CS-DLCL group maintained the best quality and sensory evaluation scores throughout storage. Collectively, the present study offers valuable insights for applying chitosan-modified double-loaded clove essential oil liposomes in beef meatball preservation.

clove essential oil  /  double-loaded liposome  /  stability  /  beef ball preservation
李扬扬, 漆泽亮, 陈好娟, 王金玲, 王庆玲. 壳聚糖修饰的丁香精油脂质体制备及对牛肉丸的保鲜效果. 食品工业科技, 2026 , 47 (8) : 359 -367 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030292
Yangyang LI, Zeliang QI, Haojuan CHEN, Jinling WANG, Qingling WANG. Preparation of Clove Essential Oil Liposomes Modified with Chitosan and Their Effect on Beef Ball Preservation[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2026 , 47 (8) : 359 -367 . DOI: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030292
丁香精油(Clove essential oil,CEO)是一种天然活性物质,富含丁香酚等化合物,具有抗氧化、抗菌、镇痛及麻醉等作用[1]。然而,CEO中的活性成分易被氧化,存在挥发性强、水不溶性等缺点,极大地限制了其在食品工业中的应用[2]。基于此,CEO的脂质体封装技术被提出,以提高其在食品系统中的稳定性和生物利用度[3]。但传统脂质体对疏水性化合物的包埋能力有限,很难获得较高的包封率。同时,其热力学不稳定性可能会导致其在储存过程中发生聚集和氧化,从而引发封装材料的泄漏[4]。
近年来,β-环糊精(β-cyclodextrin,β-CD)由于其独特的疏水空腔和亲水表面被用于改善精油包埋效果[5]。Baldim等[6]通过乙醇注射制备了环糊精封装的两种精油及其各自主要成分(百里酚和丁香酚)的脂质体,并通过冷冻干燥形成前体脂质体,经过差示扫描量热法和X射线衍射后显示出有序的晶体结构,在4 ℃下可保持良好的稳定性。双载脂质体技术通过同时包载两种活性成分,既能实现外层磷脂双分子层的快速释放,又能通过内部水核中的包合物实现缓释效应[7]。Gharib等[8]利用乙醇注入法制备了一种新型的双加载茴香脑脂质体,结果显示,与茴香脑的水溶液相比脂质体的包封技术显著提高了茴香脑的光稳定性。多糖(如壳聚糖)修饰的脂质体则被证明能显著提高载体的稳定性和缓释性能,Lin等[9]发现,采用壳聚糖和果胶改性三层脂质体包埋菊花精油,其对菊花精油的缓释效果优于单层和双层脂质体,并且能提高抗菌能力;Tu等[10]研究表明,海藻酸钠和壳聚糖修饰的肉桂精油脂质体能够延缓精油释放,有效保持猪肉的品质。然而,目前的研究主要集中于壳聚糖在常规脂质体中的应用,针对双载脂质体的包埋研究仍较为有限,尤其是壳聚糖修饰的双载脂质体在食品保鲜中的应用尚未深入。
牛肉丸是一种典型的调理肉制品,因食用方便,营养丰富等特点倍受消费者青睐。然而肉丸在加工贮藏过程中,易变质、货架期短这些问题制约了冷鲜调理肉制品的产业化。基于此,本研究以牛肉丸为研究对象,制备了壳聚糖修饰双加载丁香精油脂质体(CS-DLCL),并将其应用于牛肉丸的保鲜。通过系统分析不同贮藏条件下牛肉丸的pH、菌落总数、氧化程度及感官品质等指标,探讨CS-DLCL对其保鲜效果的影响,以期为调理肉制品的品质保持提供理论依据。
丁香精油 纯度100%,上海多特瑞商贸有限公司;新鲜牛后腿肉、盐、糖、鸡精、小苏打、红薯淀粉 新疆石河子友好超市;1,1,3,3-四乙氧基丙烷、5,5'二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)、2,4-二硝基苯肼、溴酚蓝 分析纯,麦克林试剂有限公司。
ZBJ-40斩拌机 上海友谊机械设备公司;Neofuge-15R酶标仪 美国伯爵仪器有限公司;UV-2600紫外分光光度计 日本岛津公司;CR-40000色差仪 日本美能达仪器有限公司;Zetasizer ZS90粒度分析仪 英国马尔文公司。
将β-CD溶解于蒸馏水中,60 ℃加热溶解后加入精油乙醇溶液使CEO与β-CD质量比为1:8,于40 ℃、300 r/min条件下搅拌2.5 h,超声0.5 h后于4 ℃冰箱冷藏24 h,用去离子水洗涤过滤后沉淀,40 ℃干燥至恒重得CEO/β-CD包合物[11]。
CS-DLCL的制备参照Sebaaly等[12]的方法稍加修改。将磷脂和胆固醇以5:1溶于10 mL无水乙醇,加热搅拌后加入3 mg/mL CEO,将脂相溶液注入含CEO/β-CD包涵复合物(10 mg/mL)的水溶液(20 mL)中,室温搅拌30 min,旋转蒸发除乙醇后超声处理7 min得双加载丁香精油脂质体(Doubled-loaded CEO liposomes,DLCL)。用1%(v/v)的冰醋酸作溶剂,配制浓度为2.5、3、3.5、4和4.5 mg/mL的壳聚糖溶液。将上述溶液按比例1:1(v/v)滴入脂质体悬浮液中,搅拌后得到壳聚糖包埋的双加载丁香精油脂质体,4 ℃保存备用。
使用粒度分析仪在25 ℃和90°散射角下测定脂质体的囊泡大小、多分散指数(PDI)和Zeta电位。所有脂质体用无菌去离子水稀释10倍,每个样品重复测量三次。
参照Xia等[13]的方法并稍作修改。将0.5 mL脂质体与1 mL 10%(w/w)吐温80-乙醇溶液混合,涡旋30 s,去离子水稀释至5 mL,在281 nm处测量吸光度值,以空白脂质体为对照,计算CEO总量。
将0.5 mL脂质体与3 mL石油醚混合,涡旋2 min,3000 r/min离心5 min,收集上清液。提取两次并合并上清液,用石油醚定容至10 mL。于281 nm处测定吸光度值[14]。根据标准曲线计算游离CEO的含量。包封率(EE)计算如下:
$ \mathrm{EE}(\text{%})=\frac{\mathrm{总CEO}(\mathrm{mg})-\text{游离}\mathrm{CEO}(\mathrm{mg})}{\mathrm{总CEO}(\mathrm{mg})}\times 100 $
采用FTIR进行测定,脂质体冷冻干燥成粉末后取少量与KBr混合、压片,在4000~400 cm−1范围内进行扫描。
将DLCL和CS-DLCL在4 ℃下贮藏30 d。每隔5 d测定囊泡大小的相对变化(%)和CEO保留率(%),计算公式如下:
$\begin{split} &\mathrm{囊泡大小的相对变化}(\text{%})=\\&\frac{\text{贮藏后的囊泡大小}(\mathrm{nm})}{\text{最初制备的囊泡大小}(\mathrm{nm})}\times 100 \end{split}$
$\begin{split} &\text{CEO}\mathrm{保留率}(\text{%})=\\&\frac{\text{贮藏后脂质体中精油含量}(\mathrm{mg})}{\text{最初制备的脂质体中精油含量}(\mathrm{mg})}\times 100 \end{split}$
将新鲜牛后腿肉用搅碎机搅碎后置于斩拌机,低速斩拌1 min后,以肉重百分比依次加入2%盐、2%糖、0.4%鸡精、2%小苏打、4%红薯淀粉和25%冰水(先加入1/3),斩拌30 s后暂停90 s,再加入剩余冰水,继续斩拌60 s,整个斩拌过程保持温度在10 ℃以下,将肉糜制成20 g左右的牛肉丸,作为未添加脂质体组,以20% CS-DLCL+5%冰水(以肉重计)作为脂质体组,所有牛肉丸于4 ℃贮藏。
参考郝瑞等[15]的冻结方法,将温度记录仪探头插入肉丸中心,于−18 ℃冰箱中,记录初始温度,每隔2 min记录一次,绘制冻结曲线,根据冻结曲线平台期确定肉丸冰点,测得未添加脂质体组和添加脂质体组肉丸的冰点分别为−2.2 ℃和−2.3 ℃。
实验设置冷藏组、冷藏+脂质体组、冰温组及冰温+脂质体组,并于0、2、4、6、8、10、12 d测定牛肉丸品质指标。
取5 g肉样,剪碎至粒径约2 mm×2 mm×2 mm的均匀颗粒,将处理后的样品转移至50 mL离心管中,加入50 mL 0.1 mol/L KCl溶液。置于恒温振荡器中(25 ℃),以150 r/min振荡浸提30 min。经过滤后,采用经标准缓冲液校准的pH计测定滤液pH。
菌落总数的测定参照GB 4789.2-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物检验菌落总数测定》。
肌原纤维蛋白的提取:称取5 g样品于离心管中,按1:4(w/v)的比例加入10 mmol/L磷酸盐缓冲液,匀浆后于4 ℃、5000 r/min离心15 min,弃去上清液,重复2次。所得沉淀按1:4(m/v)的比例溶于0.1 mol/L NaCl,均质并过滤,所得滤液即为肌原纤维蛋白溶液[16]。
羰基含量的测定:羰基含量参照李艳青[17]的方法,略作修改。将1 mL MP溶液(4 mg/mL)与1 mL 10 mmol/L DNPH溶液混合,室温条件下反应1 h,加入1 mL三氯乙酸(20%,w/w)溶液,6000 r/min离心10 min,弃去上清液后用1 mL乙酸乙酯:无水乙醇混合溶液(1:1,v/v)洗涤沉淀。沉淀中加入3 mL盐酸胍(6 mol/L,pH8.7),于37 ℃水浴15 min溶解沉淀,5000 r/min离心10 min后取上清液于370 nm波长处测定吸光度(A370)。
$\rm \text{总羰基含量}(nmol/mg,pro)=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{370}}}{\text{4×22000}}\times {\text{10}}^{\text{6}} $
总巯基含量的测定:使用Ellman试剂法进行测定[18]。空白组除不加蛋白液外,其余实验条件相同,A412为421 nm处的吸光度。
$\rm \text{总巯基含量}(nmol/mg,pro)=\frac{{\text{A}}_{\text{412}}}{\text{4×13600}}\text{×}{\text{10}}^{\text{6}} $
TBARS的测定参照张露等[19]的方法。将肉样剪碎后准确称取5.0 g加入25 mL三氯乙酸(20%,w/w)和20 mL的蒸馏水,匀浆1 min后在4 ℃、3000 r/min的条件下离心15 min,取上清液于50 mL容量瓶中并用蒸馏水定容。取2 mL定容后的溶液与2 mL TBA(0.02 mol/L)溶液混合,在95 ℃条件下加热20 min,待冷却后于532 nm测定其吸光值。通过1,1,3,3-四乙氧基丙烷标准曲线(Y=0.15006X+0.08473,R2=0.99992)计算TBARS值,mg/kg。
牛肉丸的感官特性由训练有素的10名学生进行评价,评价小组成员年龄分布为22~25岁(男性5名,女性5名),主要评价牛肉丸的色泽、质地、气味和总体接受度。具体感官评定标准见表1。
每个实验进行三组平行,数据表示为“平均值±标准差”;采用SPSS 25.0和Origin Pro 2018软件处理、分析数据并绘图;采用ANOVA法进行显著性差异分析,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
从表2可知,随壳聚糖浓度升高,CS-DLCL的囊泡大小从217.27 nm增至379.60 nm,可能是壳聚糖涂层增厚或高浓度下形成自组装聚集体的结果,与Qiang等[20]的研究结果一致。壳聚糖浓度在低于3.5 mg/mL时,PDI无显著变化(P>0.05),这表明CS-DLCL在此浓度下分布相对均匀;浓度继续增大时,PDI则表现出显著升高的趋势(P<0.05),可能与壳聚糖吸附或脂质体聚集引起CS-DLCL分布不均匀有关。结果表明,当壳聚糖浓度从2.5 mg/mL增加到3.5 mg/mL时,CS-DLCL的Zeta电位从−7.07 mV显著增加到17.78 mV(P<0.05),壳聚糖包埋后脂质体由负向正的电荷反转归因于壳聚糖带正电荷的氨基(-NH3+)与脂质体表面负电荷的结合[21]。包封率在壳聚糖浓度在3.5 mg/mL时达到最高,但浓度进一步增加时略有下降,可能是亲脂性化合物积累干扰磷脂相互作用所致。综合评估显示,3.5 mg/mL壳聚糖处理的CS-DLCL具有最佳性能参数:囊泡大小为330.43 nm、PDI为0.24,Zeta电位为17.78 mV及最高EE值(70.75%),因此选定该浓度用于后续研究。
如图1所示,CEO在2842.92 cm−1和1838.06 cm−1处的特征峰分别代表碳氢键(C-H)拉伸振动和碳碳双键(C=C)拉伸振动。CEO/β-CD包合物特征峰2927.78、1637.48以及1029.93 cm−1,分别代表羟基(-OH)对称拉伸振动、氢氧键(H-O-H)弯曲振动和醚键(C-O-C)不对称拉伸振动[22]。这些特征峰在DLCL中消失,证明活性物质被成功包裹在DLCL中,与已有研究一致[19]。壳聚糖的主要谱带位于3700~3000 cm−1(-OH),2923.93 cm−1(-CH3)和2877.64 cm−1(-CH2),其特征峰1656.76 cm−1和1595.04 cm−1,分别代表酰胺基羰基键(C=O)的振动和质子化氨(-NH3+)的振动[23]。质子化氨基(-NH3+)的振动峰从壳聚糖的1595.04 cm−1转变为CS-DLCL的1639.40 cm-1,表明壳聚糖与DLCL的磷酸基团发生静电相互作用,导致氢键破坏,证实了壳聚糖与DLCL的成功结合[20]。此外,壳聚糖酰胺基羰基键(C=O)位于1656.76 cm−1处的特征峰在CS-DLCL中消失,它可能与磷脂的羰基结合,导致1739.70 cm−1处峰强度增加。同时,DLCL中磷酸基团的特征峰从1249.80 cm−1处移至1251.73 cm−1处,进一步表明壳聚糖与DLCL结合引起磷酸盐脱水[24]。FTIR光谱的变化共同证实了壳聚糖与DLCL通过静电作用、氢键重组和分子间相互作用形成了稳定的复合物,为CS-DLCL载体的构建提供了结构依据。
贮藏期间(0~20 d),DLCL和CS-DLCL的囊泡大小均增加(图2a)。研究表明,贮藏时间延长会导致磷脂酰胆碱酯键的破坏,进而引起脂质体的聚集和更大囊泡的形成[25]。在0~20 d,DLCL囊泡变化显著高于CS-DLCL(P<0.05),表明壳聚糖层能够增强囊泡的静电斥力,阻止聚集。贮藏20 d后,CS-DLCL的囊泡减小,表明壳聚糖从DLCL表面部分解离,这一结果与Tai等[26]在壳聚糖包埋的姜黄素脂质体中的发现一致。此外,磷脂不饱和脂肪酸的氧化会提高脂质体膜的流动性,从而降低脂质体贮藏过程中的稳定性。贮藏期到30 d时,DLCL和CS-DLCL的精油保留率分别为77.16%和87.08%(图2b),说明壳聚糖包埋可以有效防止脂质体中CEO的氧化降解,减少贮藏期间精油的泄漏。
pH是评价肉品品质的重要指标,能反映其新鲜度。如图3所示,随贮藏时间的延长,pH逐渐增加,可能是微生物及内源性酶将肉的蛋白质及含氮物分解,生成了碱性物质[15]。冷藏+脂质体组与冰温+脂质体组肉丸的pH较低,这是因为壳聚糖包埋的脂质体呈现酸性,并且肉丸pH随贮藏时间的延长呈现先降低后升高的趋势,原因是贮藏初期糖酵解产生乳酸或者微生物代谢生成酸性物质,抑制了蛋白质的降解,在随后的贮藏过程中,糖原厌氧糖酵解酶活性被乳酸抑制,蛋白质在微生物和蛋白酶作用下降解为挥发性碱性分子,导致pH持续升高[27]。冰温+脂质体组肉丸的pH在12 d的贮藏期内处于最低水平,表明冰温条件与脂质体包埋技术具有显著协同效应。付丽等[28]报道了冰温和茶多酚复配液的联合使用能延缓贮藏期间因微生物引起的蛋白质降解和自溶的发生,对提高牛肉货架期具有叠加的效果。
贮藏期间,微生物是引起肉制品变质的主要因素,菌落总数是衡量其鲜度的重要指标。参考GB 4789.2-2022《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物检验 菌落总数测定》中冷鲜肉制品的卫生标准(限值6.0 lg CFU/g)。如图4所示,新鲜肉丸的初始菌落总数为4.61 lg CFU/g,其中冷藏组肉丸的微生物增殖最快,第4 d即达到6.65 lg CFU/g,其货架期仅为2~3 d;冰温组肉丸在第8 d菌落总数为6.92 lg CFU/g,货架期延长至6~7 d,表明冰温条件能有效抑制微生物生长。冷藏+脂质体组在第6 d菌落总数为5.66 lg CFU/g,货架期达6~7 d,这归因于脂质体封装技术保持了精油的抑菌活性。冰温+脂质体组的抑菌效果最为显著,第10 d菌落总数仅为5.69 lg CFU/g,直至第12 d才达到6.08 lg CFU/g,货架期延长至10~12 d,证实冰温与脂质体的协同作用能更有效地抑制微生物生长。罗博丹等[29]将百里香精油负载的纳米脂质体应用于荔枝保鲜中,在不影响感官特性情况下延长了荔枝的货架期。
羰基含量上升与巯基含量下降共同表明肉丸肌原纤维蛋白在贮藏过程中发生氧化。从图5(a)可以看出,随着贮藏时间的延长,肉丸的羰基含量逐渐增多,说明肉丸肌原纤维蛋白氧化加剧。新鲜肉丸的羰基含量为1.35 nmol/mg,第4 d羰基含量为2.89 nmol/mg,显著高于(P<0.05)冰温组(2.19 nmol/mg),这是因为与冷藏组相比,冰温的贮藏温度低,蛋白质结构更加稳定,减缓了蛋白的氧化进程[30]。在贮藏12 d后,冰温+脂质体组肉丸羰基含量显著低于(P<0.05)其他三组,仅为2.98 nmol/mg,这是因为脂质体的加入具有捕获自由基的能力,从而减少自由基对肉中蛋白质的氧化攻击,有效减缓了肉丸中蛋白的氧化损伤。由图5(b)可见,新鲜制备的肉丸的总巯基含量约为14.62 nmol/mg,而在贮藏12 d时,冷藏组肉丸的总巯基含量降至2.15 nmol/mg,显著低于(P<0.05)冰温组的5.16 nmol/mg。而冷藏+脂质体组和冰温+脂质体组在12 d的总巯基含量分别为5.44 nmol/mg和8.10 nmol/mg,显著高于(P<0.05)相同温度下不加脂质体组的肉丸。综合来看,冰温贮藏和脂质体的协同作用能更有效地维持蛋白质结构的稳定性,可作为延长肉丸货架期的有效策略。
TBARS值是评价脂肪氧化程度的重要指标,其值越大,表明脂肪氧化程度越高,肉品新鲜度越低。根据GB 5009.181-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中丙二醛的测定》的规定,肉类的TBARS值大于1 mg/kg即被认定为腐败肉。如图6所示,不同贮藏方式下的肉丸TBARS值随贮藏时间延长逐渐上升,其中冷藏组肉丸TBARS值在第4 d达到0.94 mg/kg,显著高于(P<0.05)其他三组肉丸,已达到了变质的程度。相比之下,冷藏+脂质体组肉丸TBARS值增长较为缓慢,显著低于(P<0.05)冷藏组。冰温贮藏组表现出更好的保鲜效果,其中冰温+脂质体组的TBARS值在第12 d仅为0.98 mg/kg,货架期较常规冷藏组延长了2倍。这主要归因于脂质体包埋技术延缓了CEO的释放,使其抗菌和抗氧化作用得以充分发挥。此外,壳聚糖分子链上的氨基和羟基可以螯合肌红蛋白释放的铁离子,从而抑制脂肪氧化酸败[31]。已有研究发现,添加肉豆蔻精油脂质体(NEO-SLP)的猪肉里脊在贮藏到第4 d仍保持良好的品质[32]。本研究表明,冰温与脂质体联合使用对提高肉品质量具有更好的效果贮藏,可将肉丸货架期延长至12 d,这与郝瑞等[15]的研究结果一致。
肉丸贮藏期间的外观变化如图7所示,未添加脂质体的新鲜肉丸在贮藏初期无明显的色泽变化,但随贮藏时间延长,色泽逐渐变暗。冷藏组肉丸的变质现象最为明显,第6 d时由鲜红色转为灰白,并伴有汁液流失、体积减小及腐败等现象。冷藏+脂质体组贮藏至第8 d时出现轻微灰暗现象,且汁液渗出和体积收缩程度较轻。冰温组直至第10 d仍保持接近新鲜状态的红色。冰温+脂质体组表现出最优的外观保持效果,整个贮藏期内(0~12 d)肉丸色泽鲜亮,无汁液渗出或体积收缩,表面湿润度稳定。结合感官评分结果,冷藏组评分随贮藏时间显著下降(P<0.05)。冷藏+脂质体组与冰温组肉丸的感官评价相近,且无强烈精油气味产生。冰温+脂质体组肉丸在整个贮藏过程中的品质和感官评价结果最佳。张典等[33]的研究表明,在肉丸中添加香蕉皮多酚的感官评价的结果与本研究相似。
本研究基于乙醇注入法成功制备了丁香精油脂质体(壳聚体包封率达到70.75%),并将其应用于调理牛肉丸的保鲜。通过系统评价不同贮藏条件风味影响机下牛肉丸的感官评分、pH、菌落总数及氧化程度等指标,发现壳聚糖的修饰作用显著增强了脂质体的结构稳定性,冰温联合丁香精油脂质体处理显著抑制了牛肉丸菌落总数的增加和pH的上升,有效延缓了脂质氧化和蛋白质氧化的进程,将牛肉丸的货架期延长至10~12 d(冷藏组肉丸的货架期约为2~4 d,冷藏+脂质体组和冰温组肉丸具有相当的货架期,大约为6~8 d)。然而,本研究对丁香精油脂质体在实际应用中的规模化生产工艺和长期食用安全性尚未深入探讨。未来研究可着重于开发适合工业化生产的制备工艺,并系统评估其在食品体系中的安全性。本研究为调理肉制品的保鲜提供了理论依据和实践指导,具有一定的应用价值,其技术转化和功能优化值得进一步探索。

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2026年第47卷第8期
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doi: 10.13386/j.issn1002-0306.2025030292
  • 接收时间:2025-03-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-24
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-21
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    1石河子大学食品学院,新疆石河子 832003
    2乌鲁木齐海关技术中心,新疆乌鲁木齐 830018

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王庆玲(1981−),女,博士,教授,研究方向:畜产品加工及质量控制,E-mail:。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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