There are also cases of returned shipments due to quality issues in China’s aquatic product import and export trade. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regularly publishes the cases of rejecting imports of certain fish and shrimp products from our country, with the General Administration of Customs reporting unapproved food entries, the unpassed reasons includes spoilaged food, violations of veterinary drug/pesticide residue limits, Salmonella contamination. The current situation reveals that some aquatic product producers are unfamiliar with relevant regulations, leading to non-compliant production practices or unauthorized drug use, which results in substandard product quality and customs clearance failures. To facilitate the import-export trade of key aquatic products like fish and shrimp, it is necessary to clarify the quality and safety control standards between China and the United States, this paper found 3 key points: (1) Regarding veterinary drugs, both China and the United States prohibited the use of chloramphenicol, nitrofurans and malachite green in fish and shrimp. (2) Regarding pesticides, China had established maximum residue limits for hexachlorocyclohexane, DDT and cypermethrin in aquatic products. Pendimethalin was prohibited from being used in domestic aquatic products; the United States stipulated that the residue limit of pendimethalin in lobsters was 50 μg/kg. (3) Regarding microorganisms, both countries mandated that no Salmonella detection was allowed in any aquatic products. Based on customs data and import-export perspectives, this paper concluded the key impacts effected import-export trade were non-compliance of veterinary drugs, pesticides and Salmonella and proposed solutions to existing issues and suggests that the development direction for fish and shrimp should focus on compliance, avoidance of prohibited substances and quality improvement.