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In response to the growing environmental concerns and the depletion of fossil fuels, the global installed capacity of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power continues to rise rapidly. However, the intermittent and variable nature of these energy sources poses significant challenges to power grid stability and the effective integration of clean energy. Solid oxide cells offer a promising pathway toward resolving these issues, owing to their ability to operate reversibly, high energy conversion efficiency, and compatibility with a wide range of fuels. By flexibly switching between solid oxide fuel cell mode and solid oxide electrolysis cell mode, they enable efficient electrical energy storage and chemical fuel production, demonstrating considerable potential for large-scale renewable energy storage and grid-balancing applications. This study conducts multivariable parameter optimization for a reversible solid oxide cell system, aiming to investigate the effect of multivariable parameters on the performance of reversible solid oxide cell systems.
A stack-level model is established and integrated with auxiliary components, such as fans, heat exchangers, and separators. The Aspen Plus software is used to construct a full system model. Using mixed-integer linear programming with an objective function that minimizes total energy demand, along with a pinch analysis technique, the thermal integration of the system is optimized for a given current density. This approach determines the optimal operating temperature under different current conditions, calculates the required air flow rate to satisfy stack temperature limits under optimized heat recovery, and evaluates the resulting auxiliary power consumption, ultimately leading to the computation of optimal system efficiency.
The results show that in the power generation mode, the system efficiency increases at first and then decreases with the increase of current, and the maximum value is 53.5%. In the endothermic state of hydrogen production mode, the stack efficiency decreases with the increase of current, and the maximum value is 119.5%. While the system efficiency increases with the current, the maximum value reaches 79.2%. In the exothermic state of hydrogen production mode, the stack efficiency increases with the current, with the maximum value of 95.4%, and the system efficiency is stable at about 79.3%.
This research clarifies how operating current and other key parameters influence the performance of reversible solid oxide cell systems. The findings offer theoretical insights and practical optimization strategies to enhance the efficiency and operational flexibility of such systems in real-world energy storage applications, supporting the broader integration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the power grid.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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