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Using energy analysis and exergy analysis methods, and considering the irreversible losses in the compression, expansion, and heat-exchange processes comprehensively, the performance indicators and irreversible loss distribution characteristics between a basic PTES (BC-PTES) system and an electric heater-integrated PTES (EH-PTES) system under defined operational conditions are compared, and the influence of key parameters on the EH-PTES system’s performance is investigated. The results indicate that both the BC-PTES and EH-PTES systems generate large exergy losses in the turbine during the discharge, with values of 456 kW and 455 kW respectively. The EH-PTES system demonstrates higher round-trip efficiency (41.50%) and energy storage density (54.1 kW·h/m³), with the exergy efficiency of the electric heater at 63%. Parameter analysis reveals that there exists an optimal discharge-phase compressor outlet pressure which can minimize the exergy loss and maximize system round-trip efficiency. For the EH-PTES system, at the optimal discharge pressure, the round-trip efficiency of the EH-PTES system initially decreases and then increases with the rising electric heater outlet temperature, and it increases with the compressor outlet temperature. For example, when the compressor outlet temperature is 550 ℃ and the electric heater outlet temperature increases from 600 ℃ to 1 000 ℃, the EH-PTES system round-trip efficiency decreases from 45.03% to 44.81% at first, and subsequently increases to 45.75%. When the electric heater outlet temperature is 850 ℃ and the compressor outlet temperature increases from 400 ℃ to 550 ℃, the system round-trip efficiency increases from 39.17% to 45.14%. Notably, the round-trip efficiency is less sensitive to the electric heater outlet temperature than to the compressor outlet temperature. By integrating electric heaters, the energy storage density can be substantially enhanced, reaching 113.9 kW·h/m³ at an electric heater outlet temperature of 1 000 ℃. These findings provide critical insights for optimizing the PTES system design.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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