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The intermittency and volatility of renewable energy generation poses significant challenges to grid integration. A waste heat-coupled Carnot battery system, based on heat pumps and organic Rankine cycles, is considered a potential solution. However, the system’s power-to-power efficiency is greatly affected by waste heat temperature. To address this issue, a novel high-efficiency Carnot battery system is proposed, utilizing vapor injection and regeneration technologies in the charging and discharging modules, respectively. A thermodynamic model is developed to investigate the cycle performance of the system under various operating conditions. Additionally, the energy consumption and economic viability of the system are analyzed in three representative cities: Guangzhou, Nanjing, and Harbin. The results indicate that, the power-to-power efficiency increases with higher heat source temperatures and lower ambient temperatures. Moreover, the new system features an optimal intermediate pressure during both the charging and discharging processes, maximizing efficiency. Compared with the conventional Carnot battery systems, the new system demonstrates a 21.8%, 22.5%, and 23.6% increase in daily average power to power efficiency in Guangzhou, Nanjing, and Harbin, respectively. Furthermore, the annual net income increases by 45.6%, 52.8%, and 50.2% in these cities, respectively. This study provides theoretical guidance for enhancing the efficiency of Carnot battery systems.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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