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Constructing a large-scale virtual power plant (L-VPP) based on coal-fired units is a vital strategy for achieving “dual-carbon” goals by enabling renewable energy integration and supporting the transition of coal-fired power generation. A dynamic simulation model of the L-VPP and a source-storage frequency regulation control system model are established, which include a 350 MW coal-fired unit, a 100 MW photovoltaic unit, a 90 MW·h battery energy storage system, and internal loads. The frequency response characteristics of the L-VPP are analyzed for various control systems and at different load ramp rates of the coal-fired unit. The results reveal that, the load ramp rate of the coal-fired unit is a critical constraint on frequency response capability when storage capacity is limited. The complementary frequency response characteristics between the source and storage are obtained, leading to a coordinated control strategy that incorporates auxiliary power commands and cyclic determination mechanisms. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed strategy lowers the frequency nadir by 0.06 Hz and shortens the steady-state recovery time by 18.6%. Furthermore, to achieve a steady-state error within the frequency dead band, the load ramp rate of the coal-fired unit is increased from below 3.50 MW/min to 7.00 MW/min. This strategy offers technical guidance for the safe and efficient operation of large-scale virtual power plants.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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