Phosphorus is an indispensable element in the process of plant growth and development, but it is mostly in the form of ineffective bound phosphorus in the field. The microorganisms in soil can convert the ineffective phosphorus into free effective phosphorus, and fully improve the utilization rate of phosphorus. In this study, a phosphate-solubilizing fungus XZY3PSF was isolated and purified from the corn rhizosphere soil using the phosphorus-solubilized halo method, and the strain was identified. The activity of the strain to dissolve 2.5-20.0 g/L tricalcium phosphate and the phosphate solubilization ability of 10-10⁵ spores/mL to tricalcium phosphate in 1-25 d were analyzed. The mineralization ability of 2.5 g/L and 5.0 g/L calcium phytate was evaluated, and the interaction between it and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and the pathogen of banana Fusarium wilt disease was evaluated. Based on the morphological characteristics combined with ITS and β-tubulin gene sequences, the strain XZY3PSF was identified as Talaromyces purpureogenus. The highest content of available phosphorus dissolved by phosphate-solubilizing strain under different concentrations of tricalcium phosphate was between 500 and 570 mg/L. The content of available phosphorus in the medium decreased with the prolongation of culture time. The decreasing range of the available phosphorus content in the tricalcium phosphate medium was weakened. On the 25th day, the available phosphorus content in the 15.0 and 20.0 g/L tricalcium phosphate medium was significantly higher than that of the other concentrations. With the increase of the spore concentration in the medium, higher peak value of the available phosphorus content in the culture medium appeared, and its decreasing range expanded with the increase of the spore concentration. During the test period, with the extension of culture time, the mineralization ability of XZY3PSF to calcium phytate was stronger. XZY3PSF and Bacillus X5 had antagonistic effects on the pathogen of banan Fusarium wilt, but the phosphate solubilizing fungus and Bacillus spp. also antagonized each other. The research results would lay a foundation for the development of microbial fertilizers composed of phosphorus-solubilizing fungi and antagonistic bacteria. At the same time, the mineralization of XZY3PSF on calcium phytate would provide a basic theoretical basis for subsequent studies on whether it can degrade organophosphorus pesticides.

During the evolution from lower plants to higher plants, lignification is the key to adapt to the terrestrial environment, while lignin deposition in the cell wall is an important manifestation of lignification, and MYB61 plays an important role in lignin synthesis pathway. In order to explore the molecular mechanism of MYB61 in lignin synthesis of Impatiens chlorosepala and Impatiens uliginosa, MYB61 genes, named IcMYB61 and IuMYB61 in this study, were cloned by using the RT-PCR method. The full-length cDNA was 1035 bp and 1002 bp, encoding 344 aa and 333 aa, containing an intron of 84 bp and 66 bp, respectively. Physicochemical analysis suggested that IcMYB61 and IuMYB61 were unstable hydrophilic protein. Domain analysis of protein showed that IcMYB61 and IuMYB61 contained two typical SANT conserved domains. The comparison of amino acid sequences of MYB61 with that of other species showed that there were highly conserved R2 and R3 regions at the N-terminal, which was speculated to be R2R3-MYB gene. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, it found that IcMYB61 and IuMYB61 were clustered together with I. glandulifera, confirming that the same genus is more closely related. The qPCR showed that IcMYB61 and IuMYB61 were expressed in three different parts of the two periods, and the expression levels were the lowest in roots. In I. chlorosepala, the highest expression of IcMYB61 was in the leaves at the seedling stage, and the highest expression level was in the stem at the mature stage. In I. uliginosa, the expression of IuMYB61 was the highest in the stems of both periods. By measuring the total lignin content in stems and leaves of the two species, it was found that the lignin content of both species was the highest in stems, which was consistent with the expression trend of MYB61. It is speculated that MYB61 mainly regulates the biosynthesis of lignin in the stems of I. chlorosepala and I. uliginosa. The above-mentioned results would provide some basic data and scientific basis for exploring the regulation mechanism of MYB61 on the lignin synthesis of Impatiens and the culture of new varieties.

Pleurotus giganteus is a kind of rare edible fungus newly developed in China. It has typical high temperature resistance and plays an important role in the development of edible fungus industry in tropics. With the large-scale cultivation of P. giganteus in tropics, two strains with different fruiting temperature types were selected, which are suitable for cultivation in hot season and cold season respectively, and can effectively ensure the annual supply of the local P. giganteus market. In order to fully understand the nutritional needs and suitable culture conditions of P. giganteus mycelia, the screened high-temperature strain (PG46) and med-temperature strain (PG79) of P. giganteus were used as the materials to compare and analyze the biological characteristics and liquid fermentation conditions with single factor and orthogonal experimental methods, and the dynamic changes of mycelia growth in liquid fermentation were further studied. The experimental data were analyzed by SPSS 26 software. The experiment results of biological characteristics showed that in the single factor experiment, the growth conditions of PG46 and PG79 were basically the same, the optimal carbon source was maltose, the optimal nitrogen sources were yeast extract powder and peptone, the optimal pH was 7, and the optimal temperature was 25-28 ℃. However, the mycelia of PG79 began to suffer from heat stress at 30 ℃, and the colony morphology became irregular. The orthogonal experiment proofed the single factor results, and the impact order of each factor on the mycelia growth of P. giganteus was: nitrogen source > pH > temperature > carbon source. The experimental results of liquid fermentation showed that on the basis of biological characteristics, when the rotating speed was 150 r/min, the liquid volume was 120 mL, and the inoculation amount was 12%, it was more suitable for the mycelia growth of P. giganteus. The mycelial growth of PG46 and PG79 showed a dynamic pattern of "logarithmic growth", and the highest mycelia biomass was obtained at 15 d (0.95 g) and 13 d (1.09 g) respectively. The mycelia biomass of PG79 was always higher than that of PG46, which was consistent with the difference in growth rate between them (PG79>PG46). The study could provide references for the large-scale cultivation of P. giganteus strains with different temperature types, the optimization of heat stress conditions, cross breeding, and the further study of the phenotype and genotype of P. giganteus.

The current preservation methods of Phallus rubrovolvatus not only result in short shelf life and rapid quality deterioration but also greatly limit its market sales. Consequently, exploring the characteristics of quality deterioration during the preservation of P. rubrovolvatus and corresponding key control points is essential to slow down the deterioration and prolong the shelf life. In this study, the samples were processed with no treatment (control), silica gel desiccant treatment, ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment, silica gel desiccant and preservative paper treatment, and silica gel desiccant, active paper, and preservative paper treatment, respectively. After treatment, the samples were preserved at low temperature (4 ℃) and normal temperature (25 ℃), respectively, and were collected regularly for sensory evaluation, enzyme activity determination, and texture determination. The quality deterioration characteristics and key control points of P. rubrovolvatus during preservation were revealed based on the changes in sensory indexes decay rate, weight loss ratio, color and odor, the changes in enzyme activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and chitinase, etc., and the changes in texture indexes such as hardness, elasticity, and chewability. The results showed that silica gel desiccant treatment at normal temperature, ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment at low temperature had a significant effect on maintaining the weight of P. rubrovolvatus, with the 4.82% and 7.36% at low temperature, respectively, followed by ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment at normal temperature, silica gel desiccant treatment at low temperature with a weight loss ratio of 7.66% and 7.42%, respectively. With ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment, the decay rate was 13% at normal temperature at 2 d and 0% at low temperature at 22 d. The sensory evaluation under ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment demonstrated that the yellowing degree and odor deterioration score were the lowest, and the changes in yellowing degree and odor intensity were slow. According to the texture determination, ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment presented the highest comprehensive score and had the best inhibitory effect on deterioration-related enzymes, which effectively prolonged the shelf life of P. rubrovolvatus from 5 d to 20 d. Based on the results, ozone treatment at the initial stage can effectively reduce the species and quantity of miscellaneous bacteria on the surface of fruiting bodies of P. rubrovolvatus, and slow down the proliferation rate of miscellaneous bacteria during subsequent preservation, thus inhibiting the decay and yellowing of the fruiting bodies of P. rubrovolvatus. In addition, silica gel desiccant treatment can decrease the surface humidity, slow down the damage of chitinase to the cell wall, and inhibit the reproduction of miscellaneous bacteria on the surface, thereby delaying the softening, collapse, and yellowing of P. rubrovolvatus. The best treatment for the preservation of P. rubrovolvatus is ozone and silica gel desiccant treatment at low temperature.

Beiyuan Tribute tea (BTT), originated from Jian'ou city in Fujian province, is a bright pearl in the history of tea development in China. In this paper, the fresh leaves of Shuixian tea varietiy in Jian'ou were used as the raw materials, cake tea (Dragon and Phoenix cake tea) and loose tea (Nanlu Shuixian tea) were produced by the traditional process of ground tea and the modern process of Oolong tea in Jian'ou of Northern Fujian, respectively. The cake tea was then taken as the material to obtain tea foam and liquid with the Diancha technique. To provide scientific data supporting for the quality and cultural mining of BTT and its Diancha, the content of the main quality components of cake tea and loose tea, as well as the difference in the composition of the tea foam and liquid of cake tea, were compared and analyzed by using a series of biochemical component determination methods and extensive targeted metabolome detection technique. The results showed that there was no significant difference in water content, water extract content and total free amino acids between cake tea and loose tea, but the total polyphenol and caffeine contents of cake tea were significantly higher than that of loose tea, and the contents of theaflavin, thearubin and theafuscin were significantly lower than that of loose tea. Moreover, 1245 common metabolites in 12 categories were detected from the tea liquid and foam of the cake tea, and no specific substances were detected. Through principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis, 26 differential metabolites in 5 categories were screened. Among them, except that the content of astilbin in tea liquid was significantly higher than that in tea foam, 25 differential metabolites in tea foam were significantly higher than that in tea liquid, mainly including lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, free fatty acids and other lipid substances. The differential metabolites were mostly reticular, lighter than water, and easy to float on the upper layer of tea liquid, and they were the good foam stabilizers that mainly acting as emulsions and surfactants. Therefore, tea foam can be formed and stably suspended on tea liquid. The results of this study would provide a theoretical basis and scientific support for the industrial development, cultural inheritance and innovation of BTT

Carica papaya L. belongs to Caricaceae, Brassicales, which is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. In our previous study, the major constituent of C. papaya seeds essential oil was benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) with a content of up to 99%. It had many advantages such as natural, non-pollution, high purity and strong antifungal activity against Candida strain. However, the application of BITC in pharmaceuticals, food industry and other fields is limited due to its poor aqueous solubility, volatility and easily degradation. In this study, in order to increase the stability and anti-Candida efficacy of BITC, nanostructured lipid carrier loaded with benzyl isothiocyanate from C. papaya seeds (BITC-NLC) was prepared by the melting emulsification ultrasonic method. The physicochemical properties such as morphology, particle size, Zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, etc. were evaluated and its anti-Candida activity was investigated. On the basis of single factor influence test, the orthogonal design was adopted to choose the preparation process of nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) and formulation of BITC-NLC. The best preparation process was stirring for 20 minutes and ultrasonic dispersion for 15 minutes (amplitude 80%). The best prescription was composed of 50 mg monostearate, 50 mg octyl capric acid triglyceride, 400 mg poloxamer, 400 mg soybean lecithin, 100 mg BITC and 20 mL ultrapure water. The morphology was observed by a transmission electron microscope, the particle size and zeta potential were measured by Zetasizer Nano ZSE, and the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The final prepared BITC-NLC was quasi-spherical shapes and the average particle size, Zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency was 79.13 nm, -21.77 mV and 91.52%, respectively. The preliminary stability test results showed that BITC-NLC was stable for 30 d kept at 25 ℃. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the broth dilution method. MICs of the BITC-NLC against all the selected Candida strains were 8-32 μg/mL, which were better than BITC. In addition, it could inhibit C. albicans and C. tropicalis that are resistant to the most commonly used antifungal drug - fluconazole. The new prepared formulation BITC-NLC from papaya seeds essential oil in this study has small particle size, good physical stability, high encapsulation efficiency and better antifungal effect on C. albicans and C. tropicalis. The results may provide theoretical and experimental basis for the application of papaya seeds which are abundant and typically discarded and the development of natural antifungal drugs.

Based on specimen diagnostics and literature studies, six new records of Angiosperm in Guizhou Province were reported, namely Lepidium didymum L. (Brassicaceae), Lactuca serriola L. (Asteraceae), Dactylicapnos lichiangensis (Fedde) Hand.-Mazz. (Papaveraceae), Dinetus duclouxii (Gagnep. & Courch.) Staples (Convolvulaceae), Zingiber atrorubens Gagnep. (Zingiberaceae), Carex phyllocephala T. Koyama (Cyperaceae). Main morphological identification characteristics, distribution descriptions, voucher specimens and photographs were provided for all species, and the systematic position changes of some species were also discussed. The voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the Natural Museum of Guizhou University (GACP).

In this experiment, seven different camellia plants were used as rootstocks and four different camellia scions to form 28 combinations, to screen the stocks-scion combination and study the grafting affinity, and to measure and analyze grafting experiment indicator that is the survival rate, preservation rate and growth traits of grafted seedlings, to investigate the growth status of grafted seedlings after 18 months. The relationship between grafting anvil, soluble sugar content and graft compatibility was evaluated. The result showed that the grafted survival rate and preservation rate of Camellia gigantocarpa Hu grafted with C. rosmannii and C. achrysantha scion were more than 90%, and the grafting survival rate and survival rate of scions reached more than 80% when C. gigantocarpa Hu grafted with C. chrysantha,, it is proved that C. gigantocarpa Hu is the best rootstock for grafting affinity. The grafting seedlings of C. japonica Heimudan and C. rosmannii had a preservation rate was 6.67%, the preservation rate of C. japonica Heimudan and other 3 kinds of scion was 0, it is proved that C. japonica Heimudan had the worst affinity as rootstock. The scions of C. achrysantha and C. rosmannii had better affinity with different rootstocks. The grafting survival reached more than 90%when C. achrysantha was grafted with C. semiserrata, C. hirsuta, C. japonica Heimudan, C. gigantocarpa. The grafting survival reached more than 90% when C. rosmannii grafted with C. gigantocarpa and C. amplexicaulis. The grafting survival reached more than 80% when C. rosmannii grafted with C. semiserrata and C. polyodonta. Grafting affinity is related to the soluble sugar content of stocks-scion. Closer sugar content of stocks-scion leads to the ratio is closer 1 and the higher grafting survival rate will be. C. gigantocarpa/C. achrysantha, C. hirsuta/C. achrysantha, C. amplexicaulis/C. rosmannii, C. gigantocarpa/C. rosmannii, C. gigantocarpa/C. chrysantha were found to be the excellent combinations by principal component analysis.

To study the physiological characteristics of high light efficiency in cassava cultivar Ku50, W14, a wild type, wild relatives of A4047 and cultivated species of Ku50 were used as the materials to investigate the character of photosynthetic physiology during different varieties of cassava by measuring the photosynthetic pigment content on functional leaves, net photosynthetic rate (including the photosynthetic rate curve under different light intensity and photosynthetic daily variation) and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (including mainly the actual photosynthetic efficiency of PSⅡ-Y(Ⅱ), and non-photochemical quenching-NPQ). The result showed that the content of various photosynthetic pigments in Ku50 was significantly higher than that in W14, but no significant difference with that in A4047, suggesting that Ku50 and A4047 may have higher photosynthetic carbon fixation capacity. The net photosynthetic rate of Ku50 was slightly higher than that of A4047 and much higher than that of W14 on the photosynthetic daily variation and Ku50 and A4047 had no obvious midday photoinhibition phenomenon while W14 had, suggesting that Ku50 and A4047 may have higher light conversion efficiency and stronger resistance to high light. The photosynthetic rate curve under different light intensity showed that three varieties of cassava all did not arrive the light saturation point up to the maximum light intensity of 2500 μmol/(m²·s), and the net photosynthetic rate also showed Ku50>A4047>W14. Among them, Ku50 was about 40 μmol/(m²·s), A4047 was about 34 μmol/(m²·s), but W14 was only about 15 μmol/(m²·s). This result was consistent with photosynthetic daily variation and also suggested that Ku50 had stronger resistance to high light and higher light energy conversion efficiency. In addition, the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured to analyze the absorption, distribution and utilization of light energy in different varieties cassava. The result showed that under high light the Y(II) of Ku50 was significantly higher than that of W14, but slightly higher than that of A4047 which had no significant difference (P>0.05). And the NPQ of Ku50 was significantly lower than those of W14 and A4047, indicating that the light energy dissipated into heat on Ku50 was lower than those of W14 and A4047, which in turn proved that the light energy conversion efficiency of Ku50 was higher than those of W14 and A4047, and which was consistent with the results of photosynthetic pigments content and net photosynthetic rate. In conclusion, this research proved that high light efficiency in cassava cultivar Ku50 was induced by high light, and had higher tolerance and utilization rate to high light than wild type of W14 and wild relatives of A4047.

Breadfruit is considered as the most potential food crop to solve tropical famine with high economic value. Breadfruit was introduced from several countries, and there are no research on the systematic taxonomic and genetic diversity analysis about it. The objective of this study was to specify the genetic distance and relationship among breadfruit and its closest wild relatives. For genetic diversity analysis, 33 pairs of SSR primers with clear amplified bands, high polymorphism and good stability were selected from 75 pairs of SSR primers. PCR amplification was performed, and the products were detected by 8% denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Genetic diversity correlation analysis was performed by NTSYS software. The results showed that the polymorphism ratio of amplified bands of the 33 SSR markers was 94.57%. 199 number of polymorphic sites were detected, with an average of 6.030 per marker. The PIC values of the SSR markers ranged from 0.623 to 0.940, with an average of 0.865. The genetic similarity coefficients among the breadfruit resources ranged from 0.517 to 0.951, with an average genetic similarity coefficient of 0.685. Furthermore, germplasm ZZP possessed the greatest variation among individuals, with an average genetic similarity coefficient of 0.626. Germplasm XYS1-3 possessed the least variation among individuals, with an average genetic similarity coefficient of 0.723. At the genetic similarity coefficient of 0.713, the 30 breadfruit resources were clustered into five groups, with XBL and breadnut type I (ZZP, LX, STH, HJ5) which used for landscaping clustered into one group, breadfruit SLLK, XYS2, XYS3, XYS5, XYS6 and YN clustered into one group, breadnut type Ⅱ SLM2, YDNXY1, G1 and G2 clustered into one group, breadnut type Ⅱ W1, W3, SMY, 8-4, 8-3, 5-5 and 5-6 clustered into one group. The three-dimensional diagram could better distinguish XBL and breadnut type I ZZP, LX, STH, HJ5 from the breadfruit and breadnut type Ⅱ resource with edible value. Based on the cluster analysis, we speculated that XYS2, XYS3, XYS5 and XYS6 might be introduced from Vietnam, XYS1-3, YBG and XYS1 might be introduced from Indonesia. Furthermore, FJ was regarded as a breadfruit germplasm. The present study reported the genetic diversity of breadfruit resources in China firstly, and elucidated the genetic relationship among breadfruit resources. In addition, the results could provide theoretical basis for variety breeding and identification of breadfruit complex.