In order to explore the formation mechanism of fruit color difference between Dahong and Wucihuanglong pitaya, the fruits at different development stages of 13 d, 16 d, 19 d, 22 d, 25 d and 28 d after fruit setting were sampled. The color parameters, total content, components and relative content change of Betalains in different parts (flesh, peel and sepal) were determined, and the results were analyzed by correlation and principal component analysis. Results showed that a^* value of Dahong flesh gradually increased and the flesh showed red color 16 days after fruit setting. The a^* value of the peel and sepal was negative before 19 d after fruit setting, positive during 19 d to 28 d and showed an upward trend; the b^* value significantly increased and then decreased after 22 d after fruit setting, showing that green first turned to red and yellow, then turned to red. The a^* value of the peel and sepal of Wucihuanglong was negative before 25 d, and the absolute value of 28 d was close to 0; the b^* value showed a stable trend during 13 d to 19 d after fruit setting, and then increased significantly, showing that green turned to yellow. A total of 11 kinds of betalains were detected in Dahong, and the content of betanin was the highest. The total content increased gradually, and the increase was significant at 28 d. A total of 6 kinds of betalain components were detected in the Wucihuanglong, and leucine betaxanthin content was the highest, while the flesh only contained betanidin and tyrosine. There was no significant difference in the total content of betalains in flesh, but it increased gradually in peel and sepal. There was only one common component of betanidin between the two varieties. According to the correlation analysis, the a^* value of the three parts of Dahong was significantly positively correlated with the total content of betalains and extremely significantly positively correlated with the content of betanin. The b^* values in the peel and sepal of Wucihuanglong were significantly positively correlated with the total content of betalain and the content of leucine betaxanthin, while the correlation between the total content of betalain in the flesh and the a^*, b^* and L^* values was not significant. The principal component analysis of the betalains of the two varieties showed that Dahong extracted four principal components, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 79.23%. The contribution rate of the first principal component was 34.30%, which mainly integrated the components of betanin and phyllocactin. The comprehensive contribution rate of the second principal component betaine and metabolites was 21.35%, mainly synthesizing 2,17-Decarboxyphyllocactin and betalamic acid. Two principal components were extracted from Wucihuanglong, and the accumulative rate reached 84.21%. The contribution rate of the first principal component betaxanthin was 61.71%, which mainly integrated leucine-betaxanthin, tyrosine-betaxanthin and other components, which provided a new idea for color evaluation and breeding of pitaya. In conclusion, the peel and sepal of Dahong and Wucihuanglong gradually changed color with the increase of betalains. The flesh of Wucihuanglong contained only metabolites of betalains, and did not change color. Combined with correlation and principal component analysis, it was further speculated that the red color of Dahong was mainly contributed by betanin, phyllocactin and 2,17-Decarboxyphyllocactin, and the yellow color of Wucihuanglong peel and sepal was mainly contributed by leucine-betaxanthin. This would provide a new idea for the evaluation of pitaya color. This study described the formation mechanism of color difference of pitaya, and would lay a theoretical foundation for exploring the color mechanism, color evaluation, as well as the development and utilization of betalains.

The quality analysis of Chinese cherry fruit is beneficial to the selection and breeding of cherry varieties suitable for regional development. At the same time, it also lays a theoretical foundation for the protection of Chinese cherry germplasm resources. In this experiment, combining principal component analysis, correlation analysis and cluster analysis methods, 30 Chinese cherry fruits of different varieties (excellent lines) under the same cultivation conditions were selected for external and internal quality analysis. The results showed that there were significant differences in fruit quality among different varieties of Chinese cherry under the same cultivation conditions. The scores of comprehensive character evaluation ranked as C78, C6, C14, C34 and C32. Variety C20 (Manaohong) has excellent cultivation performance in some provinces in China, ranked 11th in this comprehensive evaluation. The 9 fruits intrinsic quality indexes had varying degrees of variation, with variation coefficients ranged from 11.27% to 36.32%. There was a correlation coefficient between the quality indicators, among which 12 were significantly correlated at 0.01 level and 17 were significantly correlated at 0.05 level. Principal component analysis of 13 quality traits showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first 7 principal components was 88.196%, which could reflect the basic characteristics of quantitative traits. Cluster analysis with Euclidean method showed that 30 different Chinese cherry varieties (excellent lines) were preliminarily divided into 4 categories. The fruit quality analysis results obtained in this experiment could be used to explore the genetic variation map of cherry resources in China, and also be used as a reference for new varieties breeding.

The fruit quality of different varieties (lines) of cultivated ginseng fruit in Shilin county was tested and evaluated to provide guidance for the development of ginseng fruit industry. Seven fruit quality indexes of soluble sugar, soluble protein, soluble solid, mineral elements, vitamin C, cellulose and amino acid were determined by using eight main ginseng fruit varieties (lines) of Dayuangguo, Yuangguo No. 1, Yuangguo No. 2, Yuangguo No. 3, Shiyou No. 1, Shiyou No. 2, Shiyou No. 3 and Ruiyu cultivated in the field of Shilin county. By multiple comparison of quality indexes of Panax ginseng fruit, it was found that the content of soluble sugar in Yuanguo No. 2 was the highest, while that in Dayuanguo and Yuanguo No. 3 was the lowest; The soluble protein content of Shiyou No. 2 was the highest, and that of Shiyou No. 1 and Ruiyu was the lowest; The content of soluble solids of Yuanguo No. 2 was the highest, while that of big round fruit was the lowest; Shiyou No. 3 has the highest content of vitamin C and Yuanguo No. 3 has the lowest content; The crude fiber content of Yuanguo No. 2 was the highest, and that of Shiyou No. 1 was the lowest; The content of trace elements in Yuanguo No. 2 was the highest, while that in Yuanguo No. 3 was the lowest; The amino acid content of big round fruit was the highest, and that of Shiyou No. 2 was the lowest. There were significant correlations between the quality indicators of different varieties (lines), among which soluble sugar and soluble solids were significantly correlated with each other (P<0.05). The principal component analysis of 6 quality indicators was carried out, and the cumulative contribution of the first three principal components reached 83.955%, which could reflect most of the information of the original quality index. The resulting comprehensive evaluation system was established to evaluate eight different varieties (lines) of ginseng fruit. In conclusion, the above eight ginseng fruit varieties (lines) all contain rich nutritional components, among which Yuanguo No. 2 has the best comprehensive quality, and can be selected as the parent material for the main variety or new germplasm creation.

In order to understand the dynamic changes of leaf mineral elements in different key seasonal periods of Sapindus Yuanhua clonal raw material forests, and to reveal the characteristics of nutrient demand of this clonal lineage, we provided a theoretical basis for the scientific development of nutrient management system. The 5 a, 6 a and 7 a years old Sapindus Yuanhua clonal forests in Jianning county, Fujian province were used for the study, and the contents of N, P, K, Ca, S, Mg, Fe, Zn and B were measured at the leaf development stage, the end of inflorescence, the end of anthesis, the beginning of fruit expansion, the fruit color change stage and the fruit ripening stage. The contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the leaves of Yuanhua clonal forest showed a general trend of decreasing, then increasing and then decreasing in different critical periods, and all of them reached the highest in the early stage of fruit expansion. There were significant differences in the contents of N and P in the end of inflorescence and the early stage of fruit expansion. K content at the beginning of fruit expansion was significantly higher than the other key reproductive periods, and there was no significant difference between the rest of the reproductive periods, while Ca content and Mg content were significantly different between the leaf expansion period and the beginning of fruit expansion (P<0.05). Fe and B content showed a tendency of increasing and then decreasing, with Fe content being significantly higher than that of the rest of the reproductive periods during the fruit color change period and B content decreasing dramatically at the end of the flowering period, and being significantly lower than that of the rest of the reproductive periods (P<0.05). Zn and S contents did not change significantly throughout the year. The N, K, P and Mg contents of leaves in the three stand ages were significantly and positively correlated. Ca, K and Fe contents were significantly and positively correlated. S and Zn contents were significantly and negatively correlated, and Zn content was significantly and negatively correlated with S and B contents, respectively. The fruit-sitting period (June to the end of July) can be a suitable period for leaf nutritional diagnosis. Fertilizer application should consider the correlation between elements. At the end of inflorescence extraction, N, P and B fertilizers should be applied early. In the fruit-sitting period, an appropriate amount of fertilizer should be applied, combined with the application of micronutrient fertilizer at the same time.

To maintain the storage quality and prolong the storage period of postharvest bananas, the present study used ‘Guijiao No.6’ as the test material to investigate the 1-hexanol effect on the fruit quality and storability of the postharvest bananas under room temperature storage conditions. Banana fruits with intact fruit appearance and similar ripeness and size were selected and randomly divided into control and treatment groups. The control and treatment groups were treated with water and 0.1% (V/V) aqueous solution of 1-hexanol, respectively. Then, the bananas were removed to air-dry and packaged in polyethylene bags with a zipper. Finally, the samples were stored at 25 ℃ for 15 days. Changes in firmness, soluble solids, respiration intensity, condition index, malondialdehyde (MDA), membrane permeability, and PLD activity were measured every 3 days, and changes in PLDγ and PLDζ expression during storage were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The results showed that 0.1% (V/V) 1-hexanol significantly (P<0.05) delayed the process of postharvest banana fruit softening, and the delaying effect was highly (P<0.01) significant on days 9 and 12. From day 9, 1-hexanol highly significantly inhibited the rise in total soluble solids and condition index. From day 6, 1-hexanol significantly inhibited respiration, where the peak respiration was reached on day 9 and was highly significantly reduced by 33.93% compared to the control. After day 12, compared with the control group, 1-hexanol highly significantly reduced the rise of MDA content and membrane permeability, by 26.70% and 62.20% on day 15, respectively. In addition, 1-hexanol significantly inhibited PLD activity, especially from 6 to 12 days, and the inhibition was highly significant (P<0.01). At day 15, compared with the control group, 1-hexanol highly significantly reduced the banana expression of PLDγ and PLDζ by 72.06% and 33.08%, respectively. In conclusion, 1-hexanol can effectively delay postharvest banana fruit softening, inhibit the respiration and PLD activity, and reduce postharvest fruit disease, thereby inhibiting total soluble solids, MDA production, and increased membrane permeability, and inhibiting PLDγ and PLDζ expression, thereby maintaining postharvest fruit storage quality and extending storage life. Therefore, 1-Hexanol can be used as a fruit preservative, which is not only important for maintaining the post-harvest fruit quality and the development of the banana industry, but also has good application prospects during post-harvest storage.

Insects use floral volatiles as the olfactory cues to locate flowers. Numerous studies have shown that the selection behavior of insects can be impacted by variations in the volatile component concentration of floral varieties. The flower of mango (Mangifera indica L.) rely on insect pollination and susceptible to florivorous pests. However, volatiles in different varieties of mango flowers are relatively insufficient, which is unfavourable to the development of attractants and repellents. Therefore, the volatile floral chemical components in seven mango varieties (M. indica var. Sijimi, M. indica var. Tainong 1, M. indica var. Guire 82, M. indica var. Kaite, M. indica var. Hongmang 6, M. indica var. Hongxiangya, and M. indica var. Jinhuang) were collected using the dynamic headspace adsorption technique. The volatile components were identified and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to compare the composition differences and similarities of the components. The findings indicated that a total of 115 volatile components, comprising 44 terpenes, 30 alkanes, 16 esters, 16 alcohols, five ketones, three aldehydes, and one phenol, were found in the volatiles of the seven species of mango flowers. 82 distinct types of volatile substances were discovered in M. indica var. Sijimi, 49 distinct types of M. indica var. Tainong 1, 46 distinct types of M. indica var. Guire 82, 49 distinct types of M. indica var. Kaite, 60 distinct types of M. indica var. Hongmang 6, 49 distinctive types of M. indica var. Hongxiangya, and 59 distinct types of M. indica var. Jinhuang. Seven species of mango blossoms contained 14 common volatile components: α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, 3-carene, α-terpinene, D-limonene, β-ocimene, terpinolene, 1-caryophyllene, germacrene D, o-cymene, benzoic acid, ethyl ester and 2-propyl-1-pentanol; 33 different types of specific components existed, including 24 different types of M. indica var. Sijimi, four different types of M. indica var. Tainong 1, two different types of M. indica var. Jinhuang, one type of M. indica var. Guire 82, M. indica var. Hongmang 6, and M. indica var. Kaite. The volatile compounds of mango flowers had higher relative concentrations of terpenes (46.15%–89.41%), alcohols (2.01%–23.58%), esters (3.34%–14.67%), and alkanes (2.27%–13.75%). The most abundant terpenes were α-pinene, 3-carene and terpinolene, the most abundant alcohols was linalool. The most abundant esters were benzoic acid, ethyl ester, and the most abundant alkanes were cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl. The flower volatilesof M. indica var. Sijimi and M. indica var. Jinhuang had highest similarity of 0.862 among seven mango species; and that of M. indica var. Sijimi and M. indica var. Hongxiangya had the lowest similarity of 0.255. The findings would provide a reference for flower-volatile-mediated behavior preference researches in pollination insects and florivorous pests to various mango varieties.

The volatile aroma composition is one of the important indexes for cocoa quality evaluation, and fermentation is the key process that affects the volatile aroma composition of cocoa. To reveal the pattern and differences of the volatile aroma components during cocoa bean fermentation with different genotypes, three types of cocoa (ZYP11-9, STS16, and ZYP6-11) were used as the test materials, and the headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) was used to determine the volatile aroma components during 0-7 days fermentation of cocoa beans, and the relative contents of each component were calculated by peak area normalization. The results showed that a total of 32 volatile aroma compounds were identified during the fermentation of cocoa beans from the three genotypes, among which 9 consensus aroma compounds, including 2,3-butanediol, 2-heptanol, 2-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenylethyl alcohol, linalool, acetic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, and 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, showed significant differences in the relative contents during the fermentation of cocoa beans from different genotypes; PCA analysis showed that there was some correlation between the main aroma components and the aroma characteristics of the fermentation stage, in which 2,3-butanediol, acetic acid, linalool, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone were positively correlated with the aroma characteristics of cocoa beans fermentation stage, and the aroma substances such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, butanolactone, and acetophenone were negatively correlated with the aroma characteristics of the fermentation stage. Therefore, there are differences in the aroma composition and content changes during cocoa fermentation with different genotypes, and there is a correlation between the main aroma components and the fermentation stage, which would provide a reference basis for the breeding and application of high-quality cocoa new cultivars.

Fujian Shuixian belongs to the semi-tree form of tea plant (Camellia sinensis), which is the main variety for processing Wuyi Rock Tea (WRT). At present, there is a widely phenomenon that Shuixian grows naturally (no-pruning) in the management of tea gardens of Wuyishan, and its quality is obviously different from that of pruned Shuixian. In order to clarify the basis and differences of aroma and flavor substances WRT under natural growth and pruning conditions, this study used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology, combined with multivariate statistical analysis, to explore the internal relationship among aroma substances, flavor components and quality of WRT before baking (raw tea) and after baking (finished tea) under natural growth and pruning conditions. The results showed that 261 volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS technology. It reveals that there are obvious differences in aroma substances between raw tea and finished tea of the natural growth Shuixian and pruned Shuixian with the help of principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Compared with the raw tea of pruning Shuixian, the raw tea of natural growth Shuixian showed significant differences in 41 volatile substances (Selection standard: VIP>1, and the FC≥1.5 or the FC≤0.67), in which the relative content of hexyl hexanoate, plant alcohol, isophytol, trans-nerolidol are higher, however, the relative content of β-cedrene, γ-junitene and 2-methoxyfuran are lower. Compared with the finished tea of pruning Shuixian, the finished tea of natural growth Shuixian showed significant differences in 71 volatile substances, such as hexyl hexanoate, methyl caproate, trans-nerolidol, (Z)-β-farnesene, 1-heptanol, 2-heptanone with fruity aroma, and 3-ethyl-1H-pyrrole, 2-formyl-4with baking aroma, whose relative content are higher. There are also great differences in aroma substances between natural growth Shuixian and pruned Shuixian before and after baking, with 91 and 70 different substances respectively. The analysis of aroma activity value (OAV) showed that (E)-3-hexenol, indole, trans-nerolidol, epoxy-β-ionone, (E)-linalool oxide, 2-phenylethanol and methyl salicylate may be important substances for the aroma formation of natural growth Shuixian. Analysis of the main flavor substances showed that there were obvious differences in catechin components and caffeine between natural growth Shuixian and pruned Shuixian. The results of sensory evaluation are consistent with the results of physical and chemical test, showing that natural growth Shuixian with rich fruit fragrance, mellow taste and better quality. This study has a guiding role in scientific management of tea gardens and tea quality control.

In this study, 75% ethanol solution was used to prepare the total extracts of arecanut nut (ANE). Then different fractions of the extracts were prepared by fractionating with petroleum ether (PE-ANE), ethyl acetate (EAC-ANE), n-butanol (BU-ANE) and water (W-ANE) in turn. The inhibition of hypertension from ANE was determined by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity inhibition assay in vitro. The inhibitory was evaluated with the fraction displayingthe best ACE inhibitory activity by the enzyme kinetic method. In addition, the contents of total polyphenols, total sugar and total protein in each fraction of ANE were determined. The correlation between the contents of the compositions and ACE inhibitory activities was analyzed. Finally, phenoliccomponents in the four fractions were analyzed. The results showed that all the fractions of ANE at different polar parts exhibited ACE inhibitory activity, and EAC-ANE displayed the best. Enzyme kinetics tests showed that the inhibitory effect of EAC-ANE from tender areca on ACE was a mixed type of competitive inhibition and non-competitive inhibition. The correlation analysis showed that the IC₅₀ value of the ACE inhibitory activity of each polar part of ANE was significantly negatively correlated with the content of polyphenols and total sugar. And the absolute value of the correlation coefficient between the IC₅₀ value of ACE inhibitory activity and the polyphenol content reached a very strong correlation (r=-0.912). And a variety of polyphenol components such as catechin, L-epicatechin, procyanidin B₂, protocatechuic acid, and quercetin were identified in the four different polar parts, and the content of polyphenol components in EAC-ANE was the highest. In conclusion, ANE has a certain blood pressure lowering potential, and the ethyl acetate extraction site is the best, and the polyphenol content has a strong correlation with the ACE inhibitory activity of each extract. It can be preliminarily inferred that polyphenols may be the main substances that inhibit the activity of ACE in ANE.

In 2022, a stiff fruit disease was found on seedless litchi in Hainan, which was obviously different from the common litchi diseases in Hainan, such as anthracnose and acid rot. It mainly damaged young fruits. There was no significant change in the appearance of young fruits when the disease occurred. When the fruit was broad bean, the outer peel of the diseased fruit became darker, and the inner peel became irregularly brown after dissection. The fruit no longer expanded, forming fleshless stiff fruit, which was easy to cause serious economic losses. In this study, the pathogen of the disease was isolated, identified, invasion way and rapid detection techniques were studied. The pathogen was identified as Fusarium pernambucanum by morphological identification, ITS, RPB2 and TEF1 gene sequence analysis. The pericarp of seedless litchi fruit at young fruit stage was susceptible to pathogen invasion after being damaged by farming operations, wind, piercing-sucking insects, while the fruit surface was not diseased without wounds. The main invasion period of the pathogen was 3.2-4.8 mm in the longitudinal direction of the fruit. After the fruit was bigger than 9.8 mm, the probability of pathogen invasion gradually decreased. Based on the TUB gene sequence, the specific primers for rapid detection of F. pernambucanum were obtained, and a rapid and efficient molecular detection method based on ordinary PCR was constructed. The detection method is sensitive and efficient, and would provide support for early diagnosis and prevention of seedless litchi stiff fruit disease.