Improving and upgrading the efficiency of sugar factories and income of sugarcane farmers are the fundamental goals of the sugarcane industrial development. This study introduced the breeding process of the early-maturing, high-sugar, high-yield, automatic defoliation new sugarcane variety Guitang 76 (GT76) and its production efficiency in different regions, in order to provide planting technical basis for this new sugarcane variety in the coming years. Guitang 76 was selected through the “five nurseries” breeding procedure, and developed based on traits of early maturity, high sugar content and high yield, and also included characteristics of strong perennial roots, high uniformity, tolerance to drought, disease and infertility, and automatic defoliation. Finally, the Guitang 76 production performance was evaluated through the Guangxi new sugarcane variety regional test. The main process was as follows: In April 2010, 220 seedlings were obtained from the combination of CP81-1254×ROC22, planted in the hybrid nursery. In February 2011, five healthy individual plants were selected from the hybrid nursery and planted in the selection nursery. In December 2011, two strains were selected from the selection nursery and entered the identification nursery. In January 2013, one strain was selected from the identification nursery (named Guitang 10-2118), and in February 2013, it entered the preparation variety comparison nursery. After observation and screening, it was selected into the variety comparison nursery in March 2014, and later selected for the 2021—2023 of Guangxi sugarcane new variety regional trials (one year new planted sugarcane and two years perennial sugarcane trials). The results of regional trials showed that the stem diameter of Guitang 10-2118 was between 2.5–3.0 cm, which is a medium-large stem variety, the average number of effective stems was 8140 per hm² more than that of the control variety ROC22. The yield of newly planted sugarcane was 7.72% lower than that of ROC22, but the yield of perennial sugarcane in the first year was 7.28% higher than that of ROC22, and the yield of perennial sugarcane in the second year was 15.24% higher than that of ROC22, and the average yield in three years was higher (5.24%) than that of ROC22. The average sucrose content from November to March was 15.04%, which was 1.32% higher than that of ROC22. Guitang 10-2118 also showed other significant traits including tall plants, long internodes, automatic defoliation, strong perennial roots, wide adaptability, high resistance to smut and tip rot, etc. Guitang 10-2118 was renamed as Guitang 76 (GT76). This article also introduced the key points of cultivation strategies of GT76, providing technical support for its promotion, application and better cane production in coming years.

Six mango varieties (Guiqi Mang, Tainong Mang, Guifei Mang, Jinhuang Mang, Ivory Mang, and Jade Mang) mainly planted in Baise were selected as the research objects, and 22 quality indicators (including appearance quality, internal quality.) were analyzed. The results indicated that the coefficient of variation for indexes such as single fruit weight and fruit shape index exceeded 10% among different varieties in appearance quality. For intrinsic quality, Guiqi mango performed optimally in sweetness-related indexes (TSS, total sugar, soluble sugar) and flavor coordination (solid-acid ratio, sugar-acid ratio), with the highest Vc content reaching 36.6 mg/100 g, while Tainong mango had the lowest Vc content at 28.7 mg/100 g. Yumang mango had the highest contents of phenolic substances (4.33 mg/100 g) and flavonoids (1.12 mg/100 g). Guifei mango and Yumang mango had relatively high protein contents, both at 1.0 g/100 g. Further analysis indicated that there existed both relative independence and close correlation among multiple quality index variables of mango. The 5 principal components extracted by principal component analysis accounted for 100% of the information of the above indexes, and the comprehensive quality ranking was as follows: Yumang mango>Guiqi mango>Tainong mango>Xiangya mango>Guifei mango>Jinhuang mango. Systematic clustering classified the 22 quality indexes into 3 categories: bioactive components (e.g., vitamins, flavonoids), fruit flavor characteristics (e.g., sugar-acid related indexes), and mineral elements (e.g., potassium, calcium). The results revealed the characteristic differences in fruit quality among the main mango varieties in Baise, and suggested that principal component analysis and systematic clustering analysis could be applied to simplify the evaluation of mango fruit quality.

The study on the ecological suitability regionalization for jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is of great significance for guiding its cultivation layout and digging its development potential, via utilization of environmental resources efficiently in tropical and subtropical regions. Based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and GIS, this study constructed a suitability analysis model for jackfruit cultivation using four evaluation factors: temperature, precipitation, sunshine hours and soil index. The results of the regionalization are then validated in conjunction with previous research findings and the actual distribution of jackfruit, while further explore the spatial potential for jackfruit cultivation by integrating land use spatial data. The results indicate that the zones able to plant are primarily distributed in tropical and subtropical monsoon climate regions. The suitable zones for planting are mainly found in Hainan, southern Guangxi, southern Guangdong, parts of southern Yunnan and southern Fujian, where there is sufficient heat throughout the year, favorable wintering conditions, and a good combination of light, heat and water. Total plantable area for jackfruit in China is approximately 47.85×10⁴km², of which 22.71×10⁴km² is suitable for cultivating, comprising 8.89×10⁴km² of arable land and 182.05 km² of unused land. In comparison to previous research findings, this study expanded the amount of potentially viable arable land for jackfruit cultivation by about 58 times the existing cultivating area. Considering comprehensive land use, ecological environment, and policy support, jackfruit has a high potential for production in suitable and relatively suitable arable and unused land in China. Priority should be given to developing suitable planting areas in the southern regions of Guangxi and Yunnan. The study findings could provide scientific and analytic references for optimizing the regional layout and development planning of jackfruit cultivation in China.

Aquilaria sinensis is the original plant of the precious traditional Chinese medicinal material known as agarwood, with a long history of medicinal application. Seeds play a crucial role in the reproduction process of A. sinensis. The seed is the recalcitrant type, with a short period of viability, cannot be dried in the sun nor stored for long periods. The quality assessment, storage, and germination of the seed are essential for obtaining high-quality seedlings. Additionally, the seed has various application beyond seedlings cultivation. Due to its rich content of various nutrients, high yield, and affordable price, it has numerous applications in medicine, food, feed, health products, and food additives. The article introduced the aspects of seed quality assessment, seed storage, seed development and germination, nutritional components, and application of A. sinensis seeds, and prospects for future research area, aiming to provide references for cultivating high-quality A. sinensis seedlings and the utilization of the seed.

Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), an economically significant species, produces natural rubber, a strategic resource for China. Since rubber tree introduced from South America to Southeast Asia in the 19th century, rubber tree productivity has been substantially improved through sustained genetic improvement. This article comprehensively reviewed the botanical characteristics of the rubber tree, traced its history of introduction and domestication, and analyzed the current applications, achievements, challenges, and future research directions of both conventional breeding techniques (including hybrid breeding, polyploid breeding, mutagenesis breeding, etc.) and modern biotechnological breeding techniques (including molecular marker-assisted selection, genomic selection, genetic modification, gene editing, etc.) in rubber tree improvement. The review aims to provide a reference for researchers in rubber tree genetics and breeding, facilitate progress in this field, and promote the sustainable development of the natural rubber industry.

The absence of standardized protocols for harvesting green betel nut fruits has led to significant inconsistencies in the quality of fresh produce. Therefore, this experiment used Hainan betel nuts as the test material, sampling every 30 days starting from 30 days after fruit setting, measuring the developmental dynamics of fruit phenotype and inclusions, exploring the development law of betel nut fruits, and determining the optimal harvesting period for green betel nuts. The fruit shape index showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with a variation range of 1.69-1.87. Among them, when the fruit developed to 120 days (1.79)-150 days (1.61), the fruit shape index met the first-grade standard, presenting a long elliptical shape. The chlorophyll content was high at 120-180 days, and the fruit color was emerald green. The pulp hardness showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with a variation range of 85.2-274.49 gf. The hardness at 120-150 days was lower than the average (197.34 gf), meeting the first-grade standard. The soluble sugar contents in both the pulp and kernel showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with variation ranges of 1.23%-4.47% and 5.56%-7.12%, respectively. The soluble sugar contents in the pulp and kernel were high at 120-180 days. The arecoline contents in both the pulp and kernel showed a gradual decreasing trend, with variation ranges of 3.55%-0.19% and 3.42%-0.40%, respectively. The arecoline content in betel nut fruits reached a relatively high level at 120-180 days. After standardizing the data for several key nodes and performing Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the comprehensive score of the pulp and kernel was the highest (1.18) at approximately 150 days after flowering. Combining the variation laws of fruit phenotype and internal quality, the optimal harvesting period for green betel nuts is approximately 150 days after fruit setting.

The biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and terpenes in Sanghuangporus spp. aqueous extract have inhibitory effects on tumor cells, but the function was not yet clear. This study obtained small molecule compounds of Sanghuangporus sanghuang Sheng H. Wu, L. W. Zhou & Y. C. Dai and Phellinus baumii aqueous extracts through 3000 D ultrafiltration, and studied the inhibitory activities on mouse hepatocarcinoma cells Hepa 1-6 using dual fluorescence labeling. The anticancer active ingredients were analyzed using metabolomics analysis. The results showed that the small molecule compounds of S. sanghuang Sheng H. Wu and P. baumii could induce injury and apoptosis of Hepa 1-6, with inhibition rates of (38.64±4.35)% and (32.52±3.57)%, respectively. Meanwhile, the inhibition rates of small molecule compounds reached (77.27±6.21)% and (76.92±5.45)%, respectively, after mixing with crude polysaccharides. Metabolomic analysis showed that anti-cancer small molecular agents such as ellipticine, betonicine, cerebroside-B etc., were identified in the aqueous extract of Sanghuangporus spp. Antitumor related substances such as heterocyclic compounds (6-fluoroindole, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, 1'-naphthoyl-2-methylindole, etc.), nucleoside and bases (1-methyladenosine, N6-methyladenosine, 2'-O-methyladenosine, etc.), dipeptides (leucine+*, isoleucine+*, γ-glutamine+*, etc.), sugar alcohols (xylitol, ribose, mannitol, erythritol, etc.), were identified too. The results indicate that the aqueous extract of Sanghuangporus spp. contains multiple small molecular agents against tumor cells, which have a synergistic anti-cancer effect with biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides. This would provide a scientific basis for understanding the mechanism of anti-tumor of Sanghuangporus spp. and the development and application of functional substances.

Pterocarpus santalinus is one of the most famous rosewood (Hongmu) species in the world. Its large-scale development is restricted due to limited seed production in China. A grafted clone seed orchard was established recently using suprior tree materials by Experiment Station of Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry in Jianfengling, Hainan Island, and most trees in the orchard have flowered and fruited. The differences in seed quality among superior trees in the introduction garden and the grafted clones need to be studied. Here the morphological traits were measured, and germination tests were conducted for the seeds of P. santalinus collected from six superior trees in the introduction garden and the grafted clones in the seed orchard at the experiment station. The coefficients of variance for the seed morphological traits were much lower than those for seedling growth traits among superior trees or the grafted clones, and the coefficients of variance was the lowest for the weight of 1000-grain seeds, indicating that the variations of seedling growth were more abundant than those of seed morphorlogy Seed length was significantly different at 0.05 level among the superior trees with No. 7 performing the best, and seed length, width and thickness differed remarkably among the grafted clones, in which No. 9^# performed the best in seed length and width, and No. 7^# did the best in seed thickness. The germination rate and potential differed significantly among superior trees (No. 3 and No. 9 performed the best, respectively) or the clones (No. 5^# did the best), and significant difference occurred in the length of epicotyl, hypocotyl, radicle and total seedling among the superior trees (No. 3 did the best), and in the length of radicle and total seedling among the grafted clones (No. 7^# did the best), demonstrating that abundant variation in seed germination and seedling growth existed among superior trees and among the grafted clones. Significance of difference between each superior tree and its clone varied with gene type, and clones performed as a whole, better than relevant superior trees in seed length and width, seed germination and seedling growth. It was indicated from relationship analysis that seed weight was significantly correlated with germination rate at 0.01 level, the germination rate of the plumper seeds was higher. In conclusion, seeds from the grafted clone seed orchard performed better in the seed morphorlogy and germination than those from the superior trees in the introduction garden, and significant difference was absent in seed weight among the superior trees or the grafted clones, and between each superior tree and its clone (P≥0.05), the seeds developed fully in the seed orchard with 1000-grain weight near 100 g, more than that for scattered individuals early grafted (92.9 g). The findings would provide scientific evidences for elite variety selection, seed orchard establishment and robust seedling cultivation.

Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are crucial functional proteins in plants responding to stress, exhibiting multiple biological roles in rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). This article systematically reviewed recent advances in PR protein research in rubber trees, with emphasis on the functional characteristics in stress resistance mechanisms, laticifer plugging, and allergenicity, while highlighting the critical relationship between PR proteins and laticifer plugging. PR proteins participate in defense responses against stresses through complex molecular networks, potentially influencing latex yield via laticifer plugging processes. Some PR proteins exhibit strong allergenic properties. Although transgenic studies of PR proteins have achieved preliminary progress, further optimization of expression regulation strategies is required to balance stress resistance, yield, and allergenicity. Future research should prioritize elucidating the mechanistic roles of PR proteins, especially investigating how the expression levels of pathogenesis-related proteins (particularly chitinases and β-1,3-glucanases) correlate with rubber productivity. Concurrently, functional exploration of understudied PR protein categories like PR-14 warrants attention. Developing precise molecular breeding technologies based on these findings will provide both theoretical foundations and technical support for rubber tree variety improvement.

Cymbidium ensifolium ‘Dongfang Honghe’, as a new cultivar of C. ensifolium, has an elegant posture and a distinctive pink-white colour, which is of high value for garden application. In order to deeply understand the flower formation rules of C. ensifolium, and to produce high-quality flowers to meet the demand of the holiday market, ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was used as the experimental material to elaborate the morphological change process of flower buds and flower development during the process of flower formation, and to study the effect of forchlorfenuron (CPPU) on its flowering period and blooming quality. The process of flower bud differentiation was divided into six periods according to the results of paraffin sections: floral primordial induction, inflorescence primordial differentiation, floral primordial differentiation, sepal primordial differentiation, petal primordial differentiation, as well as the stage of gynostemium and pollen block differentiation. The process of flower development was divided into six periods according to the characteristics of the morphology changes of inflorescences: the end of inflorescence bud differentiation, bract wrapping period, inflorescence elongation period, coloring period of flower buds, blossom period and flower wilting period. Spraying CPPU and cytokinin could advance the flowering period of C. ensifolium by about 1 month, among which 1 g/L CPPU+1∶1000 cytokinin had the best effect, and the treatment entered into the stage of flower development in 44 d. The flowering period was advanced by 26.55 d, and the duration of blooming was prolonged by 1.89 d compared with that of the control, and the flower buds increased by 0.54 per pot, and the scape diameter was thickened by 0.28 mm. It is assumed that CPPU stimulates the cell division of pseudobulbs, prompts their expansion, and then accumulates sufficient nutrients for the transformation of flower formation. In this study, the flowering process in ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was delineated, which provides key information for the subsequent in-depth study of the mechanism of flower formation to determine the sampling period and the prediction of flowering time in the industry. The effect of CPPU on the flowering of ‘Dongfang Honghe’ was investigated, which lays a theoretical basis for the establishment of a precise technical system of flower regulation.