The study aimed to investigate the functions of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging stress，provide theoretical basis and candidate target genes for elucidating willow waterlogging tolerance mechanism and breeding willows tolerant to waterlogging.

Using one-year-old willow branches as materials，bioinformatic tools were employed to analyze physicochemical properties，conserved domains，protein domains，hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity，and promoter cis-acting elements of the SmGAD protein，and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR （qRT-PCR） was used to detect the expression changes of SmGAD gene. The SmGAD gene was cloned，and the prokaryotic expression vector pET32a-SmGAD and silencing vector pYL156-SmGAD were constructed.Virus-induced gene silencing （VIGS） technology was used to silence SmGAD，and the gene function was verified through waterlogging treatment. Meanwhile，prokaryotic expression was performed to induce protein expression，and the changes in bacterial culture OD_{600 nm} under H₂O₂ stress were measured.

The coding sequence （CDS） of SmGAD gene in Salix matsudana was 1497 bp in full length，and SmGAD protein consisted of 498 amino acid residues，with a theoretical molecular mass of 56512.01 Da，a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.80，an aliphatic index of 90.80，an instability index of 35.82，and a grand average of hydropathicity hydrophobicity coefficient of -0.221. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the SmGAD protein shared high similarity with GAD homologous proteins in six species，including Camellia sinensis L.，Oryza sativa L.，Arabidopsis thaliana L.，and Gossypium hirsutum L. Promoter cis-acting element analysis showed that the promoter region of SmGAD gene contained methyl jasmonate -responsive elements，auxin-responsive elements，light-responsive elements，drought-responsive elements，prolamin-metabolism-responsive elements，and so on. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis results revealed that the expression trends of SmGAD gene differed among various willow varieties after waterlogging treatment. VIGS experiment results showed that the silenced lines exhibited more severer leaf abscission and decay under waterlogging stress，with substantial peroxidative damage to cell membranes，along with poor root growth. Prokaryotic expression experiments demonstrated that the SmGAD protein played an important role in scavenging H₂O₂.

SmGAD gene，a positive regulatory factor in regulatory network of Salix matsudana in response to waterlogging and hypoxia stresses，can enhance plant resistance to waterlogging stress through mechanisms such as alleviating oxidative stress damage. Prokaryo-tic expression experiments confirm that the SmGAD protein can scavenge H₂O₂.

This study aimed to systematically characterize the histological structure，cellular ultrastructural features，and distribution patterns of mucous cells and club cells in dorsal，abdominal，and tail skin of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei，thereby providing histological evidence for elucidating its habitat adaptation mechanisms and supporting germplasm resource conservation.

Three healthy adult female fish were selected，and their skin tissues were collected from the dorsal，abdominal，and tail regions. The samples were examined by light microscope and transmission electron microscope after hematoxylin-eosin staining （HE） and Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff staining （AB-PAS）. ImageJ was used to conduct quantitative analysis on the thickness of epidermal and dermal layers，as well as the numbers of mucous cells and club cells in the dorsal，abdominal，and tail skin.

The skin of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei was scaleless and consisted of the epidermis，dermis，and subcutaneous layer. Pigment cells were present in the dermis of dorsal and tail skin，whereas adipose tissue was abundant in the subcutaneous layer of abdominal skin. Transmission electron microscope observation results revealed that the epithelial cells in the epidermis，with numerous fingerprint-like micro-ridges on the free end of these cells；abundant desmosomal junctions were observed between epithelial cells；fibroblasts were present in the middle dermis，adjacent to densely arranged bundles of collagen fibers. Epidermis thickness was in the order of abdomen > dorsum > tail，and the dermis thickness of dorsal and abdominal skin was significantly greater than that of the caudal skin （P<0.05，the same below），with only a slight difference in thickness between the dorsal and abdominal dermis，while the caudal dermis was the thinnest. Mucous cells were mainly distributed in the superficial epidermis and were dominated by type III mucous cells，with a small number of type II and type IV mucous cells also observed. The number of mucous cells in the dorsal skin was significantly higher than that in the abdominal and tail skin. No significant difference was observed in the number of club cells among the skin at different parts of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei （P>0.05）.

The scaleless skin of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei contributes to the establishment of a physical barrier and chemical defense system adapted to torrent gravel habitat through coordinated features including epidermal thickening，predominance of type III mucous cells，and relatively uniform distribution of club cells. Differences in skin structure and cellular distribution in different parts of Euchiloglanis kishinouyei reflect functional responses to differential external stresses，such as hydraulic impact and substrate abrasion.

This study aimed to observe the normal morphological structure of eggs and sperms of Hucho bleekeri，compare differences in ultrastructure of sperms of varying motility，and reveal the intrinsic association between gamete ultrastructure damage and decreased motility in Hucho bleekeri，providing theoretical basis for optimizing its artificial breeding techniques.

Sexually mature female and male Hucho bleekeri reared under artificial culture conditions were used as research subjects. The morphological structure of normal eggs and sperms in Hucho bleekeri was observed through histological analysis with scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. Meanwhile，the differences in ultrastructure of sperms of varying motility were compared using the sperm motility detection system.

In normal eggs of Hucho bleekeri，the nuclear membrane was dissolved，the nucleoli completely disappeared，and vacuoles distributed close to egg membrane. The egg membrane surface was smooth，the pores were uniform in size，the vestibular region of micropyle was flat，and the micropylar canal was relatively deep，belonging to type II. The structure of normal sperms in Hucho bleekeri was of flagellate type，consisting of three parts （head，midpiece，and tail）. The head was elliptical or nearly rounded，without acrosomal structure，and intranuclear space （nuclear vacuole） was visible within the nucleus，with granular or homogeneous chromatins. The midpiece （neck） was short，consisting mainly of the centriolar complex and sleeve. The tail （flagellum） was slender and smooth，with the flagellar axoneme exhibiting the typical “9+2” microtubule arrangement. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that immotile Hucho bleekeri sperms displayed irregular head contours that were shrunken and collapsed，with an inconspicuous midpiece connecting structure，and the flagella were commonly broken and missing，unable to maintain normal morphology；highly motile sperms exhibited intact structure morphology，with plump ovoid heads，a tightly connected midpiece，slender flagella without obvious damage，and clear structures in all parts. Transmission electron microscope observations showed that in immotile Hucho bleekeri sperms，the mitochondrial structure was disrupted，the membranes were swollen，enlarged，and ruptured，and the internal electron density of mitochondria was decreased，with a wrinkled and uneven head surface，disrupted or disappeared nuclear membrane，and loose and even disintegrated chromatins；in highly motile sperms，the cytoplasm was dense，uniform，and compact，and the plasma membrane was intact with normal structure.

The oolemma of normal eggs in Hucho bleekeri is smooth，and the micropyle belongs to type II，with nucleoli completely disappeared and vacuoles distributed adjacent to egg membrane；normal sperms consist of three parts：the head，midpiece，and flagellum，exhibiting the typical acrosome-free structural characteristic of teleost fish，with the flagellar axoneme in a “9+2” microtubule arrangement. The structure integrity and maturity of the plasma membranes，nuclear membranes，mitochondria，and flagellar structure are directly associated with sperm motility in Hucho bleekeri，serving as key morphological indicators for evaluating semen quality and optimizing artificial breeding techniques.

This study aimed to perform prokaryotic expression，purification，and subcellular localization of the lipid transfer protein （OsLTPL108） of rice grain shape regulation，providing theoretical reference for elucidating its biological functions and its molecular mechanism of grain shape regulation.

The OsLTPL108 gene coding sequence （CDS） was obtained from the UniProt database，and primers were designed for PCR amplification. The amplification product was detected by electrophoresis and sequencing. Bioinformatic software were used to predict the physicochemical properties，transmembrane domains，signal peptides，hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity，and subcellular localization of the encoded protein. The OsLTPL108 gene was ligated into pGEX-2T to construct the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-2T-OsLTPL108，which was then transformed into Escherichia coli BL21-CodonPlus（DE3）-RIPL for induced expression. The purified target protein was verified by immunoblotting. Concurrently，the subcellular localization vector pRHV-OsLTPL108-cGFP was constructed and transformed into rice protoplasts to observe its subcellular localization.

Using cDNA of rice variety Dingxiang B as the template，the amplified OsLTPL108 gene was 477 bp in length and the sequence was completely consistent with japonica rice whose accession number was LOC_Os03g14654 from the RGAP database. The OsLTPL108 gene encoded 158 amino acid residues，with its relative protein molecular mass of 15.66 kD，and a theoretical isoelectric point of 8.7；amino acids 1-30 of N-terminal contained a transmembrane domain，and amino acids 31-158 constituted a soluble domain. Amino acids 1-24 of N-terminal formed a typical signal peptide sequence，suggesting the protein was a secretory one. The core region of OsLTPL108 protein （amino acids 30-120） harbored a complete non-specific LTP family domain （Pfam accession number of PF14368） composed of eight highly conserved cysteine residues. After the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-2T-OsLTPL108 was transformed into the prokaryotic expression system，low temperature overnight induction at 18 °C with 0.1 mmol/L IPTG resulted in a high expression of OsLTPL108 protein. A GST-OsLTPL108 protein fusion protein with a molecular mass of approximately 39.64 kD was successfully obtained，showing single bands without obvious non-specific bands. Protein mass spectrometry identified three specific peptides matching OsLTPL108 protein，confirming that the sequence of exogenously expressed and purified protein OsLTPL108 was correct. After the subcellular localization vector pRHV-OsLTPL108-cGFP was transformed into rice protoplasts，the green fluorescence signal of the OsLTPL108-EGFP fusion protein displayed a reticular pattern and completely overlapped with the red fluorescence signal OsHLP1-mCherry of endoplasmic reticulum-localized protein，proving that the protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum in rice protoplasts.

OsLTPL108 is a secretory protein. By utilizing the solubility-enhancing GST tag，highly pure soluble fusion protein can be obtained from the prokaryotic expression system，which can be used for subsequent protein antibody preparation. The OsLTPL108 protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum of rice cells，and as the endoplasmic reticulum is the main site of plant lipid synthesis，OsLTPL108 is speculated to function in lipid transport.

This study aimed to map quantitative trait loci （QTL） for resistance to southern corn rust using a highly resistant maize inbred line，providing basis for elucidating molecular marker-assisted breeding and genetic regulation mechanisms of disease resistance of maize.

The F₂ population derived from a cross between the highly resistant inbred line S311 and the highly susceptible inbred line HY813，comprising 186 individuals，were genotyped using a 10K SNP chip to construct a high-density genetic linkage map. By integrating the genetic linkage map with phenotypic data，the composite interval mapping （CIM） and genome-wide composite interval mapping （GCIM） were employed to determine the positions and effects of QTLs.

The resistance to southern corn rust in the F₂ population tended to resemble that of the paternal parent S311. The disease severity was rated from 1 to 9，with skewness and kurtosis both between -1.00 and 1.00，which was consistent with the distribution characteristics of quantitative traits. A total of 3103 single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） markers were used to construct a genetic linkage map whose total length was 3607.39 cM，and average genetic distance between markers was 1.16 cM. A total of 4 QTLs were detected using CIM，located on chromosomes 1 and 3，among which the QTL loci qSCR3-1 and qSCR3-2 on chromosome 3 had higher （logarithm of odds LOD） values，explaining 25.6% and 10.0% of phenotypic variation respectively. A total of two QTL loci，namely qSCR3-1 and qSCR3-2 on chromosome 3，were detected using GCIM，explaining 64.4% and 16.5% of phenotypic variation respectively. A total of four candidate genes associated with disease resistance，namely Zm00001d042214，Zm00001d041994，Zm00001d042013，and Zm00001d042051，were identified within the QTL loci commonly detected by both methods. After pathogen inoculation，the relative expression of Zm00001d042214，Zm00001d041994，Zm00001d042013，and Zm00001d042051 in leaves of S311 was all extremely significantly increased compared with those before inoculation （CK） （P<0.0001）. In HY813 after pathogen inoculation，however，the relative expression of Zm00001d042214 showed no significant change （P>0.05），while Zm00001d042013 was extremely significantly up-regulated compared with CK （P<0.01），and both Zm00001d041994 and Zm00001d042051 were extremely significantly up-regulated compared with CK （P<0.0001）.

In the inbred line S311，two major QTL loci （qSCR3-1 and qSCR3-2） for resistance to southern corn rust are mapped，and four candidate genes related to resistance to southern corn rust are screened within the QTL intervals，namely Zm00001d042214，Zm00001d041994，Zm00001d042013，and Zm00001d042051.

This study aimed to determine the contents of active components and antioxidant activity in Polygonatum kingianum pericarp and predict the anti-inflammatory functions，providing reference for the high-value utilization of pericarp waste derived from Polygonatum kingianum processing.

Polygonatum kingianum pericarp was used as experimental material to determine the contents of total polysaccharides，total saponins，total flavonoids，and total phenolics and detect the scavenging capability of Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts for 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine （DPPH） radicals and 2,2-diazo-bis （3-ethyl-benzothiazole-6-sulfonic acid） diamiam monium salt （ABTS） cationic radicals. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-MS） technology was employed to analyze the metabolite composition of Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts，and potential active components were screened using network pharmacology methods. Core intersecting target analysis was conducted to predict KEGG signaling pathways associated with anti-inflammatory functions.

The contents of total polysaccharides，total saponins，total flavonoids，and total phenolics in the Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts were 53.14%，1.40%，0.39%，and 0.12% respectively. Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts exhi-bited strong scavenging capability for both DPPH radicals and ABTS cationic radicals，with the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations （IC₅₀） of 3.21 and 5.21 mg/mL respectively. A total of 822 components were detected from Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts using high-resolution mass spectrometry，from which 28 potential active components were screened，and 262 intersected with anti-inflammatory activity targets. Luteolin，diosmetin，acacetin，genkwanin，and syringetin were key anti-inflammatory components that acted on core target proteins such as tumor necrosis factor （TNF），interleukin-6 （IL-6），serine/threonine kinase 1 （AKT1），prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 （PTGS2），and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 （STAT3）. The anti-inflammatory targets of Polygonatum kingianum pericarp extracts were associated with 1065 GO functional terms，comprising 739 biological process terms，94 cellular component terms，and 232 molecular function terms. KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis showed that these targets exerted their potential anti-inflammatory functions primarily by modulating pathways in cancer.

Polygonatum kingianum pericarp contains abundant active components，exhibits strong antioxidant activity，and shows good anti-inflammatory potential，suggesting its potential utilization value to be developed as functional products.

This study aimed to analyze the phylogenetic relationship between native Paphiopedilum germplasms in China，clarify genetic distances and coefficients of genetic similarity，providing theoretical basis for formula-ting strategies of sustainable conservation of Paphiopedilum resources.

Using 31 Paphiopedilum germplasms from China and two exotic Paphiopedilum germplasms conserved ex situ as the core experimental materials，and one Phragmipedium germplasm as the outgroup，iPBS and ISSR primers were selected to amplify the genomic DNA of the 34 germplasms. A binary raw data matrix was generated by manually scoring the amplification electrophoretograms，and multidimensional scaling analysis was performed using NTSYS-pc 2.1，with genetic diversity indexes calculated using PopGen 1.32.

The combined iPBS and ISSR molecular marker-assisted phylogenetic analysis results revealed that when the coefficient of genetic similarity was 0.37，33 Paphiopedilum germplasms were divided into five groups （I-V）. The Group I，Group II，Group III，and Group IV were corresponded to subg. Parvisepalum，subg. Brachypetalum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Paphiopedilum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata in classical taxonomy，and Group V was a collection of subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Pardalopetalum and subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Cochlopetalum. The genetic diversity at species level of Paphiopedilum germplasms ［iPBS molecular marker：effective number of alleles （Ne） was 1.5969，expected heterozygosity （He） was 0.3492，Shannon diversity information index （I） was 0.5210；ISSR molecular marker：Ne was 1.5515，He was 0.3340，and I was 0.5068］ was obviously higher than that at group level （iPBS molecular marker：Ne was 1.4274，He was0.2730，and I was 0.4292；ISSR molecular marker：Ne was 1.3733，He was 0.2492，and I was 0.4027）. This revealed that Paphiopedilum plants showed marked genetic differentiation at species level，forming multiple distinct genetic groups，as subg. Parvisepalum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Paphiopedilum，andsubg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata exhibiting the top three genetic diversity among groups. Genetic differentiation was found between groups of Paphiopedilum，but the overall genetic similarity remained high. Analysis results based on iPBS molecular markers showed that subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Paphiopedilum and subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata shared the closest relationship，while subg. Brachypetalum and subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata shared the farthest relationship；analysis results based on ISSR molecular markers showed that the collection of Paphiopedilum sect. Pardalopetalum and subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Cochlopetalum had the closest relationship with subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata，while subg. Parvisepalum and subg. Brachypetalum shared the farthest relationship.

Paphiopedilum germplasms in China are primarily distributed across five groups：subg. Parvisepalum，subg. Brachypetalum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Paphiopedilum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata，and subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Pardalopetalum，among which the three groups （subg. Parvisepalum，subg. Paphiopedilum sect. Paphiopedilum，andsubg. Paphiopedilum sect. Barbata） show high genetic diversity level. Obvious genetic differentiation is found between Paphiopedilum groups，implying that the groups have undergone long-term genetic isolation or possess distinct regional adaptations.

This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the nutritional components and antioxidant acti-vity of different buckwheat germplasm resources，providing theoretical basis for identifying specialized buckwheat varie-ties and their processing and utilization.

A total of 10 tartary buckwheat and 27 common buckwheat germplasms were taken as materials to determine their total protein content，total phenolic content，total flavonoid content，total starch content，1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging capability，2,2'-azino-bis（3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid） diammonium salt （ABTS） radical scavenging capability，and total antioxidant capability. The genetic variation analysis，correlation analysis，principal component analysis，and cluster analysis were performed.

Diversity analysis results showed that the total protein content，total phenolic content，total flavonoid content，total starch content，DPPH radical scavenging capability，ABTS radical scavenging capability，and total antioxidant capability of tartary buckwheat were all higher than those of common buckwheat. The coefficient of variation of tartary buckwheat germplasms ranged from 2.27% to 49.36%，among which the ABTS radical scavenging capability exhibited the highest coefficient of variation，while the total protein content showed the lowest coefficient of variation. The coefficient of variation of common buckwheat germplasms ranged from 4.62% to 35.19%，with relatively high values for total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging capability （>30%），and the lowest value for total protein content. Correlation analysis revealed that，in tartary buckwheat and common buckwheat，total phenolic content was significantly positively correlated with total flavonoid content，and DPPH radical scavenging capability was significantly positively correlated with ABTS radical scavenging capability（P<0.01）；no significant correlations were observed between total protein content or total starch content and other traits （P>0.05）. Principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis showed that the cumulative variance contribution rates of the first three principal components were 83.9% for tartary buckwheat and 78.6% for common buckwheat. In tartary buckwheat，Group Ⅰ could serve as candidate materials for breeding varieties of high total protein content and high total starch content，Group Ⅱ could serve as hybrid parents for genetic analysis of total protein，total phenolic，and total starch traits，and Group Ⅲ could serve as candidate materials for breeding varieties of high total phenolic content，high total flavonoid content，and high antioxidant activity. In common buckwheat，Group Ⅰ could serve as candidate materials for breeding varieties of high total protein content and high total flavonoid content，Group Ⅱ could serve as candidate materials for breeding varieties of high total antioxidant capability，and Group Ⅲ could serve as candidate materials for breeding varieties of high total phenolic content，high total starch content，and high DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capabilities.

The ABTS radical scavenging capability in tartary buckwheat，as well as the total flavonoid content and DPPH radical scavenging capability in common buckwheat exhibit rich genetic variation and can serve as target traits for specialized excellent germplasms. The phenolic and radical scavenging capability factor，total antioxidant factor，and nutritional component factor in tartary buckwheat，along with the phenolic and antioxidant activity factor，and total protein factor in common buckwheat，extracted by principal component analysis，can be used as core indicators for the comprehensive evaluation of buckwheat quality. Buckwheat germplasms from different groups can be utilized for the screening and application of specialized varieties with high protein content，high starch content，high phenolic content，and high antioxidant capability.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different ultrasound-combined pretreatments on the microwave drying efficiency and dried product quality of star anise，identify the optimal pretreatment method and its underlying mechanism，and thereby provide reference for the green，efficient，and energy-saving drying processing of star anise.

Fresh star anise was subjected to three pretreatments as raw materials：ultrasound （US），ultrasound combined with steam blanching （US-SB），and ultrasound combined with freeze-thaw treatment （US-FT），with samples directly subjected to microwave drying without pretreatment served as the control （CK）. Effects of the three pretreatments on the microwave drying characteristics，physicochemical quality，and antioxidant activity of star anise were systematically analyzed，and the underlying mechanisms were further elucidated through microstructural observation and low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis.

All three pretreatments disrupted the cellular structure of star anise and increased the number of water-migration pathways. Compared with the CK group ［drying time of 261.67 min and specific energy consumption of 14.60 （kW·h）/kg］，the drying times of the US，US-SB，and US-FT groups were reduced by 8.92%，46.50%，and 32.48% respectively，while their specific energy consumptions decreased by 13.08%，50.00%，and 33.56% respectively. The US-SB group exhibited the highest drying efficiency. However，polyphenol oxidase （PPO） activity was almost completely inactivated，resulting in no significant difference in the redness value （a^*） of dried product compared with the CK group （P>0.05，the same below）. Moreover，its volatile oil content （6.59%），shikimic acid content （8.20%），and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical scavenging rate （53.95%） were significantly lower than those of the CK group （P<0.05，the same below）. PPO activity in the US and US-FT groups was significantly higher than that in the CK group，and the a^* values significantly increased by 15.74% and 15.64% compared with CK group respectively，demonstrating a brighter red color；the DPPH radical scavenging rates increased significantly by 22.28% and 25.53% compared with CK group respectively；no significant differences in volatile oil or shikimic acid contents were observed between these two groups and the CK group. The volume shrinkage rate of US-FT group （41.88%） showed no significant difference with the CK group，whereas those of the US （45.78%） and US-SB （54.18%） groups were significantly increased. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the US and US-FT pretreatments increased the free water peak area and promoted water migration，whereas the US-SB pretreatment reduced free water and increased immobilized water. Correlation analysis revealed that a^* had an extremely significant positive correlation with the DPPH radical scavenging rate （P<0.01，the same below），while the volume shrinkage rate showed extremely significant negative correlations with volatile oil content，shikimic acid content，and DPPH radical scavenging rate.

Consi-dering both drying efficiency and product quality，ultrasound combined with freeze-thaw pretreatment exhibits the best overall performance，which can shorten drying time，reduce energy consumption，improve star anise color，effectively retain volatile oil，shikimic acid，and antioxidant activity，without increasing volume shrinkage ratio. This technology provides a feasible approach for the green drying and processing of star anise.

This study aimed to discover SSR loci of Anthurium andraeanum L. through transcriptome sequencing and develop polymorphic EST-SSR molecular markers，providing reliable tools for evaluating germplasm resources，constructing genetic maps，and molecular breeding in Anthurium andraeanum L.

Transcriptome sequencing of spathes of Anthurium andraeanum L. cultivars of five colors using Illumina，and MISA was employed to screen SSR loci，analyze their types，frequency，and distribution characteristics. EST-SSR primers were designed using Primer 3.0. A total of 120 pairs of primers were randomly selected. After preliminary screening of three representative cultivars，PCR amplification was conducted for 22 Anthurium andraeanum L. cultivars，with calculation of polymorphism information content （PIC）. Finally，the effectiveness of EST-SSR markers was validated by unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） using NTSYSpc 2.10e.

Transcriptome sequencing of Anthurium andraeanum L. generated 22381 unigenes，with the total length of 34872210 bp，from which 11324 SSR loci were detected，distributed across 7705 unigenes，with an occurrence frequency of 50.60% and an average distribution distance of 3.08 kb. The predominant repeat motifs were mononucleotide （24.55%），dinucleotide （46.41%），and trinucleotide （27.69%），with the predominant nucleotide repeat type of A/T （21.59%），AG/CT （37.73%），and AC/GT （6.30%）. SSR locus lengths were primarily between 12-20 bp，with repeat numbers predominantly ranging from 5 to 12. A total of 7705 primers containing SSR loci were designed for unigenes，7456 pairs of EST-SSR primers were obtained. Polymorphic detection was performed for the 120 pairs of EST-SSR primers，in which 107 pairs successfully amplified （with the success rate of 89.17%），with 75 pairs of primers showing polymorphism. A total of 20 pairs of primers were further selected，and the DNA of 22 Anthurium andraeanum L. cultivars was taken as templates for validation，yielding 16 pairs of highly polymorphic primers （PIC>0.5000）. These primers demonstrated excellent discriminatory capability for the 22 Anthurium andraeanum L. cultivars that were classified into four groups，consistent with traditional morphological classification.

SSR loci of Anthurium andraeanum L. transcriptomes exhibit high abundance and polymorphism，which can be used for efficient molecular marker development. The developed EST-SSR markers show characteristics such as high polymorphism and stability，providing effective tools for germplasm evaluation，genetic map construction，and breeding assisted by molecular markers，which can facilitate genetic elucidation and cultivar improvement of major ornamental traits of Anthurium andraeanum L.