This paper was to clarify the impact of coarse aggregate from printing to aging on 3D printed concrete. The mix design of 3D printed concrete containing coarse aggregate was conducted at a mass ratio of cement paste to aggregate (P/A) based on a continuous and discontinuous grading of coarse aggregate. The buildability, basic mechanical properties, and drying shrinkage properties were tested. The results show that the lower the P/A value is, the higher the maximum buildable height of 3D printed concrete containing coarse aggregate will be, improving the mechanical and drying shrinkage resistance. The excessive proportion of coarse aggregate with large particle sizes affects the constructability and mechanical properties but has a positive effect on reducing the drying shrinkage of concrete when using discontinuous coarse aggregate gradation. Also, the effectiveness of 3D printed concrete containing coarse aggregate in reducing carbon emissions during the production and manufacturing phase was investigated and compared with that of 3D printed mortar and conventional cast methods. Using coarse aggregate in 3D printing concrete technology can effectively reduce carbon emissions during the production stage of concrete raw materials, and it is still necessary to further reduce the use of cement materials. The advantages of 3D printing concrete technology in carbon reduction mainly depend on modeless construction and labor reduction characteristics. Compared to the conventional cast method, 3D printing concrete technology can reduce carbon emissions by 36.5% during production.