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The Yellow River floodplain, covering an area of 250000 km2 located in northern China, is a densely populated and economically developed region with a high level seismic background activity. In recent history, numerous earthquake-induced liquefactions occurred in this floodplain, however, relevant investigations and research are also lacking. So far, the knowledge of earthquake-induced liquefaction in the Yellow River floodplain is almost blank. In 2023, the Pingyuan MS5.5 earthquake occurred in Shandong Province and induced soil liquefaction in the Yellow River floodplain. Through post-earthquake investigations, it is the first time that a case of real earthquake-induced liquefaction in the Yellow River floodplain has been analyzed in this paper. The characteristics of liquefaction induced by this earthquake have been obtained. The main points are as follows: this earthquake mainly induced soil liquefaction in silt and silty soils for 91% of sites in the total. The depth range of liquefied soil deposits is mainly of 7~12 m. The largest depth of liquefied soil deposit was confirmed at least 14 m, and possibly at an even deeper one. The depth of liquefied soil is beyond the common range of that in previous earthquakes. Liquefaction sites are mainly observed in the epicentral range of 6~12 km and are located in the seismic intensity 5 region and the boundary of intensity 6 region, which is significantly different from previous investigations. The abnormal distribution of liquefaction sites is closely related to the effect which is induced by the exclusive “highland-slope-lowland” microtopography in the Yellow River floodplain. In a moderate earthquake, the liquefaction in the Yellow River floodplain has induced moderate damage and has an especially different characteristic. It can be concluded that more severe liquefaction hazards may occur in large earthquakes. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a specific analysis procedure and evaluation method for soil liquefaction in the Yellow River floodplain. The work in this paper can improve the understanding of soil liquefaction during small and moderate earthquakes and provide firsthand information and new clues for research on soil liquefaction in the Yellow River floodplain.
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| 科 Family | 属数 Number of genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) | 属 Genus | 种数 Number of species | 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae | 2 | 11 | 5.26 | 鹅膏菌属 Amanita | 10 | 4.78 |
| 小菇科 Mycenaceae | 2 | 12 | 5.74 | 丝盖伞属 Inocybe | 5 | 2.39 |
| 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae | 8 | 14 | 6.70 | 蜡蘑属 Laccaria | 5 | 2.39 |
| 红菇科 Russulaceae | 3 | 23 | 11.00 | 小皮伞属 Marasmius | 6 | 2.87 |
| 小菇属 Mycena | 11 | 5.26 | ||||
| 光柄菇属 Pluteus | 5 | 2.39 | ||||
| 红菇属 Russula | 17 | 8.13 | ||||
| 栓菌属 Trametes | 5 | 2.39 |
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