The continents and the oceans are the two members of the earth family. They are all "Earths". The "Earths" cultivate, lived and multiplied on the land and sea, and together maintain social progress, economic prosperity, and the development of science and technology. And continue to create the future. The ocean occupies 70.8% of the total area on this earth, and contains rich and diversified various metal mineral resources. It is a strategic base for the sustainable development of the demand and supply of metal mineral resources in human society. To this end, the main issues discussed in this article are: (1) my country's inland important mineral resources are in short supply, the situation is grim and where to go! (2) Marine mineral resources are abundant, diverse, and have great potential, (3) Submarine metal nodule mineral resources gather, (4) Discovery of many metal sulfide deposits and natural gold in the Indian Ocean, (5) Marine mineral resources in China Exploration and discovery. Obviously, marine mineral resources, exploration, development and utilization are the inevitable trajectory of my country's construction and sustainable development!

Based on the CPC daily maximum temperature dataset from 1979 to 2021, this study identified the summer extreme high temperature events in Northeast Asia, and systematically analyzed the variation characteristics of the number of extreme high temperature days. Combined with NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and GLDAS soil moisture data, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to explore the possible influence of soil moisture anomaly in northern Eurasia on the change of extreme high temperature days in Northeast Asia in summer (June to August), and further reveal its potential physical mechanism. The results show that summer extreme high temperature events in Northeast Asia show a significant growth trend, and the high incidence areas are concentrated in northeast China and eastern Inner Mongolia. Further analysis shows that the soil moisture anomaly in the north of Eurasia shows a specific dipole distribution in spring and summer, that is, the soil moisture in the northeast of Europe is dry, and the soil moisture in the north of Lake Baikal and the outer Khingan Mountains is wet, and the land-atmosphere interaction affect atmospheric circulation patterns, contributes to the formation of "positive-negative-positive" zonal wave train structure over Eurasia. The eastward transmission of the wave train transmits the wave energy to the downstream region, contributes to the formation of anticyclonic circulation anomalies and positive geopotential height anomalies over Northeast Asia, which leads to the enhancement of atmospheric subsidence movement in the region, which leads to the surface warming, and finally increases the number of extreme high temperature days in Northeast Asia in summer.

A cast of east-west trending continental slivers, which were composed of the Cimmerian Supercontinent, including the Lhasa continental block, started to rift apart from the northern margin of Gondwana in the late Paleozoic. According to this comprehensive tectonic scenario, several points of view have been proposed on when and from which continent the Lhasa block rifted away from the northern margin of Gondwana over the past decades, however, the issue still remains controversial. To this end, in this study, we aim to provide quantitative constraints on this topic by employing isotope-based geochronological dating and paleomagnetic techniques. Through carrying out an integrated study including zircon U-Pb geochronology, paleomagnetism, petrography, and rock magnetism on the early Middle Permian Luobadui Formation basalts and andesitic basalts developed in and around the northwest part of the Linzhou County of south Xizang (i.e., Tibet), it reveals that the Luobadui Formation volcanics was formed at ca. 272 Ma (i.e., Guadalupian stage of Middle Permian). Based on rock magnetic results carried out by previous scholars and petrographic investigations performed in this study, it shows that the Luobadui Formation volcanic samples experienced low-grade metamorphism along margins of some rock-forming minerals like plagioclase, quartz. Typical accessory minerals like magnetite particles (is also a kind of iron-bearing oxides) distributed in Luobadui Formation volcanic rock samples was also impacted by this low-grade metamorphism. Rock magnetic data sets also suggest that the dominant remanence carriers in the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks are pseudo-single domain (PSD) magnetite grains in this study. Statistical analysis on filtered characteristic remanent magnetizations from 21 paleomagnetic specimens of the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks reveals that the Fisherian mean direction and associated parameters over the sampling unit of the Luobadui Formation volcanic rocks are Ds±ΔD=124.2°±8.8°, Is±ΔI=34.5°±7.2°, k_s=20.3, α_{95 s}=7.2° after bedding correction. Thus, based on already obtained statistical mean direction over the selected 21 samples of the Middle Permian Luobadui Formation volcanics, the paleomagnetic pole can be computed as λ_p=16.8°N, φ_p=325.5°E, K=20.7, A₉₅=7.2°. The paleosecular variation has been adequately averaged out according to paleosecular variation (PSV) evaluation criteria in paleomagnetism for the sampled Luobadui Formation volcanics. Therefore, in combination of positive fold test results for the paleomagnetic data sets with rock magnetic and petrographic results, we believe that our obtained paleomagnetic results are primary origin. It can be calculated (reference site: 30.01°N, 90.99°E) that the Lhasa block was at 19.7°±7.2°S in southern hemisphere at ca. 272 Ma. In other words, the Lhasa block was still in middle-low latitude of southern hemisphere then. Combined with previously published results from the Lhasa block, we intend to think that the Lhasa continental block along with the Cimmerian supercontinent likely rifted away from northern periphery of Gondwana and started its long-lasting northward travel journey in early Permian or even much earlier period. Combined with previously published paleomagnetic and geological results, it shows that the total northward convergence is estimated as 1776±700 km of the Lhasa block travelling from low-middle latitude band of 19.7°±7.2°S at ca. 272 Ma to the equatorial area of 3.7°±3.4°S at ca. 180 Ma. This further indicates that the average motion rate of the Lhasa block was around 1.9 cm/a during the time period of 272~180 Ma. In other words, the Lhasa block likely rifted away from northern margin of Gondwana in Early Permian and immediately started its northward drift and motion journey.

To expand the application of Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) in the field of ocean monitoring, this paper, based on the CYGNSS wind speed products from 2020 to 2023, combined with the wind speed reference data, makes a systematic assessment of the accuracy of CYGNSS wind speed products and analyses the distribution characteristics of wind energy resources in the tropical and subtropical waters of China. Systematic assessment, and analyses of the distribution characteristics of wind energy resources in China's tropical and subtropical seas. The experimental results show that the extrapolated wind speed accuracy of the CYGNSS wind speed product is improved by about 47% after the correction of sea surface roughness, and it has a good matching accuracy with the reference data, which meets the needs of wind energy assessment. In the study area, wind energy resources are more abundant in the southeastern sea, among which the Taiwan Strait has the highest annual average wind power density, reaching more than 550 W/m². In the southern part of the South China Sea, wind energy resources are relatively scarce, and the annual average wind power density is lower than 250 W/m²; the wind power density of each sea area has significant seasonal differences, and the distribution of wind energy resources in the East China Sea is relatively stable in all seasons, with the distribution maintained at more than 300 W/m² all year round, while in the South China Sea there is a more violent seasonal fluctuation, and the difference between the average wind power density of the winter and summer seasons is significant; in terms of the potential for development, the wind power density in shallow waters in the southern part of the Yellow Sea is relatively high. In terms of developing potential, the southern Yellow Sea and other sea areas have high wind energy reserves and technological development capacity in shallow waters, while the northeastern part of the South China Sea and other sea areas show great development potential in deep waters.

Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) has emerged as a effective strategy for mitigating atmospheric CO₂ emissions. However, the large-scale subsurface injection of CO₂ may induce ground surface deformation, potentially compromising the long-term integrity of CO₂ storage. To investigate surface displacement patterns in CCUS project areas following CO₂ injection, this study employed the Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-InSAR) technique to analyze 45 ascending Sentinel-1A images acquired between January 2022 and August 2024, enabling comprehensive deformation monitoring over a 2.5-year period in a Chinese CCUS geological storage site. Recognizing the impact of tropospheric delay errors on InSAR measurements, we developed an enhanced atmospheric delay correction approach synergizing Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data and ERA5 reanalysis data, specifically optimized for small-scale regional applications. Analysis of the phase-unwrapped interferograms confirms that our GNSS-constrained atmospheric correction approach significantly reduces tropospheric delay artifacts in localized interferometric observations. The derived InSAR deformation field reveals distinct surface displacement patterns in the CO₂ injection zone, with measured vertical deformation rates ranging from 0 to 10 mm/a. Deformation time series analysis at monitoring points adjacent to injection wells reveals a consistent response: initial surface uplift immediately following CO₂ injection, followed by gradual subsidence after several months. This pattern was confirmed through comparative analysis of InSAR-derived vertical displacements (converted from LOS measurements) and independent GNSS observations. This study demonstrates that the synergistic use of GNSS and InSAR technologies enables precise monitoring of millimeter-scale surface deformation in CCUS operational areas. The GNSS infrastructure serves dual purposes: (1) enhancing InSAR measurement accuracy through tropospheric delay correction, and (2) providing independent validation of InSAR-derived deformation results. These findings underscore the critical importance of integrated geodetic monitoring for ensuring the safety and efficacy of CO₂ geological storage operations.

The traditional Gravity-Geologic Method (GGM) is an approach that combines shipborne bathymetric data and marine gravity anomalies data to invert seafloor topography by resolving short-wavelength gravity anomalies using the Bouguer plate formula. To further enhance the accuracy of GGM in seafloor topography inversion, an Improved Gravity-Geologic Method (IGGM) has been developed in this paper. A weighting parameter was introduced into the Bouguer plate formula, and short-wavelength gravity corrections were calculated at control points to refine the long-wavelength gravity field modeling further. A seafloor topography model with a spatial resolution of 1′×1′ was constructed for the reef area near the Nansha Islands (112°E—116°E, 8°N—12°N) using the Improved Gravity-Geologic Method. The accuracy of the model was evaluated using shipborne bathymetric data provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States (NOAA). Results indicate that the IGGM model more accurately reflects fine topographic variations, with the standard deviation of 175.68 m in depth differences from measured data, representing a reduction of 7.01 m, 20.67 m and 19.68 m compared to the GGM model, the SIO V25.1 model and the SRTM15+V2.0 model, respectively. Compared to the GGM model, the IGGM model shows a significant accuracy advantage in complex reef areas with depths ≤1000 m, reducing the standard deviation of depth differences by 10.20 m. This validates the effectiveness of the Improved Gravity-Geologic Method in enhancing inversion accuracy, especially in reef regions, where it more accurately reflects the trend of seafloor topography changes, providing essential support for seafloor topography modeling in these areas.

The Mid-Lithospheric Discontinuities (MLD) are an important interface recently discovered in the continental lithospheric mantle. They are closely related to the formation and tectonic evolution of the continental lithosphere. However, their origin remains unclear and has not reached a consensus. The South China Block has a very complex lithospheric structure. Its internal structure and evolution have long been major issues in geoscience. The mechanism of regional lithospheric thinning in the eastern part is still highly debated. Recent seismological studies have found evidence of MLD in the lithospheric mantle of the central and western South China Block. To further investigate the spatial distribution of MLD within the South China Block, this study uses seismic data recorded by national network stations distributed across the block. The single-station S-wave receiver function stacking technique and the k-means+[KG-*2/5]+clustering analysis method are applied to systematically detect MLD in the South China Block. The results show that MLD in the South China Block is mainly distributed in the Upper Yangtze Block. The depth ranges from 75 to 130 km. Beneath some stations in the Sichuan Basin, two possible MLD signals are observed in the mantle lithosphere. The MLD may have originally formed as the continental Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) at shallow depths. The ancient magmatic ocean LAB might have been captured or preserved. As the lithosphere cooled, it migrated to greater depths and now appears as the current LAB. In the eastern part of the South China Block, the lithosphere may have delaminated along the original MLD due to the influence of the subduction and retreat of the ancient Pacific Plate. Later, under thermal erosion and extensional forces, the lithosphere continued to thin. The MLD interface was destroyed. As a result, no MLD is observed in the eastern part of the South China Block. This study provides new insights into the spatial distribution and possible formation mechanisms of MLD in the South China Block. It also contributes to understanding the complex lithospheric evolution of the region.

Microseismic monitoring is widely used in the analysis of engineering disasters such as mines and tunnels, all of which are based on microseismic source parameters. The calculation of microseismic source spectrum is the basis of source parameter calculation. Once the source spectrum is determined, most of the source parameters can be calculated accordingly. However, research into the calculation process and method of microseismic source spectra is limited. Therefore, we investigated the basic steps and methods of microseismic source spectrum calculation in detail. This includes four main steps: waveform processing and source location; signal spectrum calculation; signal spectrum correction and source spectrum determination. Signal processing involves removing the instrument response, filtering and arrival picking with localisation to provide basic parameters for subsequent calculations. Signal spectrum calculation involves not only common methods such as the discrete Fourier transform, but also the lag-window spectral technique and multi-taper methods. Signal spectrum correction involves geometric spreading, site effects, and attenuation, which are all influenced by multiple and complex factors. Source spectrum determination initially requires the theoretical source spectrum model to be determined, followed by the selection of the objective function and fitting method. This study briefly analyses the impact of these factors on the calculation of the microseismic source spectrum and suggests possible future research directions. These results can be used as a reference for calculating the source spectrum, thereby establishing a foundation for calculating source parameters and ultimately providing theoretical support for standardising and normalising engineering microseismic monitoring and the quantitative warning of engineering disasters.

Multimodal information fusion technology is an emerging field that has flourished in recent years, representing the application of artificial intelligence theories and technologies in information analysis and processing. It plays a crucial role in various domains, such as battlefield situational awareness, industrial robotics, remote medical care, and autonomous driving. With the rapid development of geophysical exploration theories and technologies, particularly with the significant advancements in China's airborne and satellite-based Earth observation technologies in recent years, the massive data generated poses a severe challenge to the traditional analysis models, which are primarily based on human experience. There is an increasing demand to introduce multi-information fusion technology into the field of geosciences, especially in the domain of geophysical exploration data. However, due to the differences in methods, scenarios, and equipment in geophysical observations, the data obtained have varying spatial distribution standards, making subsequent information fusion calculations difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to preprocess the observational data according to a unified standard to ensure that the data have consistent observational density. Currently, both the theory and technology for voxel-based preprocessing of observational data, which is crucial for multi-information fusion, are lacking. In some studies, traditional prediction techniques have been used to perform quasi-three-dimensional (or quasi-voxel-based) data standardization, but the effectiveness of these approaches is still under evaluation. Therefore, this paper reviews the existing data standardization preprocessing methods from the perspective of geophysical multi-information fusion methods. It introduces a semi-airborne electromagnetic observation case to discuss the performance of various existing methods, providing a methodological basis for further developing and refining the geophysical multi-information fusion processing technology system.

Geophysical exploration has a wide range of applications in the fields of energy exploration, environmental monitoring and engineering survey by quantitatively processing the observed field source data for subsurface target detection. However, the geophysical exploration method using a single data has the problems of multiple solutions and low resolution in the inversion process. Therefore, joint inversion by synthesizing multiple geophysical observation data has more significant advantages than single inversion. Electromagnetic exploration and seismic exploration are two kinds of geophysical exploration methods based on different physical mechanisms, which typically differ in spatial resolution and sensitivity to the target. Therefore, the combination of the two can significantly improve the reliability of the inversion results. As an important means for quantitatively interpreting electromagnetic and seismic data, joint electromagnetic and seismic inversion can effectively reduce the multiple solutions of single data inversion and improve the prediction accuracy of formation parameters. This paper firstly summarizes the classification of electromagnetic and seismic joint inversion and its development history, then describes the principle and application examples of joint inversion method, and finally discusses its development opportunities and looks forward to the future research direction.