To elucidate the responses of organic acids secreted by the roots of Thinopyrum ponticum under salt stress and their interactions with root traits and rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties， a controlled experiment with four salinity treatments was established： control， mild， moderate and severe salt stress （with soil salt contents of 0%， 0.2%， 0.4%， and 0.6% w/w， respectively）. Untargeted metabolomics was employed to analyze relative abundance variations and regulatory mechanisms of organic acids in root exudates. The results demonstrated that salt stress significantly decreased the secretion of organic acids including 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid， succinic acid， homogentisic acid， phenylpyruvic acid and indolelactic acid （P<0.05）， while significantly enhancing the secretion of phenoxyacetic acid （P<0.05）. However， no significant effects on the secretion of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and shikimic acid. Principal coordinate analysis （PCoA） revealed significant differences in root-secreted organic acid profiles between control and salt-stressed treatments （mild， moderate and severe salinity） （P<0.05）. Correlation analysis demonstrated that soil salinity， electrical conductivity， water content， and pH were key determinants influencing root organic acid secretion. Path analysis further revealed that salt stress promoted phenoxyacetic acid secretion through soil salinization-mediated suppression of root morphological traits. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the in-depth analysis of the physiological mechanisms of plant salt tolerance.

Glutathione S-transferases （GSTs） play an important role in the regulation of plants against stressful environments， but the systematic studies on Ramie were lack. In this paper， a total of 43 BnGSTs gene families were identified by bioinformatic analyses， most of which were predicted to be located in the cytoplasm and belonged to the plant-specific Tau and Phi class. Inter-species covariance analysis revealed that BnGSTs genes represented more orthologous genes in dicots than monocots； intra-species covariance analysis revealed that there were five pairs of paralogous genes among BnGSTs， all of which were derived from the whole genome or fragmentary gene duplication， and all of them were found that Ka/Ks ratios were less than 1， indicating that they were subjected to purifying selection. Cis-acting element prediction revealed that the upstream of these BnGSTs genes was rich in light-responsive， phytohormone-regulated and stress-responsive elements combined with transcriptome expression data， nine tissue-specific candidate genes were screened with significant （P<0.05） changes on expression patterns in roots， stems and leaves under cadmium stress. Two genes， BnGST22 and BnGST12， were identified as having significant up-regulation and high relative expression， which could be used as target genes for further functional verification. This study further enriched the functional gene pool of ramie and provided a theoretical basis for the use of anti-stress resources and variety selection.

In order to explore the effects of symbiosis between endophytic fungi and Hordeum bogdanii on nutrient contents and enzyme activities in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils， Hordeum bogdanii with Epichloë endophytic fungi （E+） and without Epichloë endophytic fungi （E-） were planted in two fields in Wensu County， Xinjiang in this experiment. The contents of total phosphorus， available phosphorus， total potassium， available potassium， total nitrogen and organic carbon in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils and the activities of soil urease， invertase， catalase and alkaline phosphatase were determined. The results showed that the contents of available phosphorus， total potassium， available potassium and organic carbon， and the activities of urease， sucrase， catalase and alkaline phosphatase in E+ and E- rhizosphere soils were significantly higher than those in non-rhizosphere soils. The correlation analysis of soil nutrients and enzyme activities showed that the activities of urease， sucrase and alkaline phosphatase in rhizosphere soil were significantly positively correlated with soil total phosphorus and organic carbon content. In non-rhizosphere soil， soil urease， invertase and alkaline phosphatase activities were significantly positively correlated with organic carbon. In addition， soil nutrient and enzyme activity redundancy analysis showed that organic carbon was the most important factor affecting rhizosphere soil enzyme activity. The above results showed that the symbiosis of endophytic fungi and H. bogdanii could improve the rhizosphere soil nutrient contents and enhance the rhizosphere soil enzyme activities， thereby improving soil quality and providing new ideas and scientific basis for soil improvement.

The MYB （V-myb Avian myeloblastosis viral Oncogene Homolog） gene family represents one of the most extensive groups of transcription factors in plants， playing a crucial role in various processes including plant growth， development， and stress responses. This study utilized Medicago sativa‘Pianguan’ to investigate the characteristics of the MsMYB44 gene through methodologies such as gene cloning， bioinformatics analysis， subcellular localization， and expression pattern analysis. The findings revealed that the MsMYB44 gene of Medicago sativa‘Pianguan’ comprised 966 base pairs and encoded a total of 321 amino acids. The MsMYB44 protein exhibited a high degree of homology to the MtMYB44 protein in Medicago truncatula and was localized within the nucleus. The expression of the MsMYB44 gene was observed in various tissues of Medicago sativa‘Pianguan’ across different developmental stages， indicating tissue-specific expression patterns. The MsMYB44 gene was responsive to drought， salt stress， and abscisic acid （ABA） treatment. Under drought conditions， the relative expression level of MsMYB44 initially increased， subsequently decreased， and then increased again， peaking at 12 hours. In response to salt stress， the relative expression level of MsMYB44 gradually increased after 48 hours， reaching its maximum at 72 hours. Following ABA treatment， the relative expression level of MsMYB44 peaked at 12 hours and then progressively declined. These findings would provide a theoretical framework for elucidating the role of the MsMYB44 gene of Medicago sativa in mediating the abiotic stress response.

Haloxylon ammodendrom is an excellent tree species in northwest China for windproof/prevention， sand fixation， and ecological balance protection. However， the dry climate and high summer temperatures in the arid desert areas of northwest China severely affect the growth and development of H. ammodendrom seedlings. To explore the suitable planting methods for the growth of the seedlings， this study used 1-year-old H. ammodendron seedlings as experimental subjects and set up 5 different doses of super absorbent polymers （0 g， 1， 2， 3， 4 g） and 4 planting depths （20， 40， 60， 80 cm） for combination treatments. The changes in stomatal morphology and anatomical structure of H.ammodendron after different planting treatments were studied. The results showed that with the increase of water retaining agent dosage and planting depth， the stomatal length， stomatal width， stomatal area， and thickness of various anatomical structures of the seedlings showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The pore density shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. Stomatal length， stomatal width， stomatal area， diameter of assimilating branch， stratum corneum， palisade tissue， water storage tissue， vascular column thickness， and duct aperture were all the largest， while stomatal density was the smallest when treated with 3g super absorbent polymer and 60cm planting depth. The application of suitable planting treatments can create a better growth environment for H. ammodendron. When facing environmental stress， it can improve plant stress resistance and effectively alleviate the impact of stress on plants.

Under the context of global change， plant invasion events have become more frequent and widespread. Rainfall and light are important ecological factors that affect the adaptation and dispersal of invasive plants. Cenchrus spinifex， a major invasive plant in the Horqin Sandy Land China， has expanded its invasion area in recent years， posing significant threats to local biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Understanding its invasion and adaptation mechanisms is crucial for devising effective control strategies. In this study， we established an in situ field experiment by using pipe cultivation to explore the functional traits of Cenchrus spinifex under three treatments： increased rainfall， reduced rainfall， shading， and a control （CK） group. The results revealed that both increased rainfall and reduced rainfall significantly enhanced plant heigh. increased rainfall increased branching， the number of reproductive branches， spiny burs， leaf biomass， and leaf contribution ratio significantly. Reduced rainfall promoted tiller number， total root length， root contribution ratio， and spiny bur contribution ratio significantly. In contrast， shading significantly reduced crown width， spiny bur number， total root length， and biomass of all organs. These findings indicate that Cenchrus spinifex adapts to variations in rainfall and light availability by modulating plant architecture， biomass of organ and biomass allocation. This study provides a theoretical basis for revealing the invasion and adaptation mechanisms of Cenchrus spinifex under the background of climate change， and to provide reference for predicting its suitable or spreading areas.

The exploration of the mutual relationships between soil microorganisms and different types of forages in desert steppes is crucial for maintaining and restoring desert steppe ecosystems. In this study， perennial forages [Stipa breviflora Griseb， S. glareosa P. Smirn， S. krylovii， Cleistogenes songorica （Roshev） Ohwi] and annual forage [Neopallasia pectinata （Pall） Poljak] in desert steppes were taken as the research objects to analyze the enhancement effects of soil microbial concentration on different species of forages. The results showed that： （1） Soil microbial concentration exerted a neutral effect on the growth of perennial forags， mainly due to the mutual offset between the negative effects of bacteria Sphingomonas and fungi Dominikia and the positive effects of bacteria norank_f_Longimicrobiaceae and fungi Rhizophlyctis on their growth. （2） Soil microbial concentration exerted an inhibitory effect on the growth of annual forage Neopallasia pectinata， and this effect intensified with the increase in microbial quantity. Soil microbial α diversity， Gemmatimonadaceae， Coprinopsis， Fusarium in rhizospheric soil， and Rubrobacter， Peziza in non-rhizospheric soil all showed inhibitory effects on its growth （P<0.05）. The analysis of key microbial groups provides a theoretical basis for subsequent related microbial studies， so as to enhance the growth stability of forages in desert steppes.

Ceracris kiangsu Tsai is a major pest seriously threatens forestry and grassland ecosystems， with its egg diapause being a critical factor for overwinter survival and population outbreaks. In this study we investigated the molecular response mechanisms of egg diapause release in C. kiangsu by applying different low temperatures （3℃ and 8℃） to the diapausing eggs and combining with transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that the diapause release effect was closely related to the duration and temperature of low-temperature treatment， with a 60-day period being a critical turning point for shortened hatching and increased hatching rates. Hatching rates were significantly higher at 8℃ compared to 3℃. Transcriptome analysis revealed that compared to the 25℃ control group， 3℃ and 8℃ treatments identified 9730 and 6075 differentially expressed genes （FDR 0.05， |log₂FC| 1）， respectively. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that these genes were significantly enriched in metabolic processes， including arginine metabolism， proline metabolism， and insect hormone biosynthesis， and stress responses， including FOXO signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway. Key genes such as ADAMTSL4， ALDH16A1， and foxo were identified， which regulate metabolic processes and developmental progression under low-temperature stress. These findings demonstrate novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of diapause release and highlight the potential for developing new green control targets for managing this pest.

To investigate the effects of reseeding patterns on soil nutrients and enzyme stoichiometry of degraded grasslands， a study was conducted in the Dushan of Guizhou， China， using a degraded grassland （CK） as the control. Two reseeding treatments were established： oat （Avena sativa L.） + ryegrass （Lolium perenne L.） （AL） and oat + ryegrass + clover （Trifolium L.） （ALT）. The results showed that both AL and ALT significantly increased the contents of organic carbon， total nitrogen， and available phosphorus in the 0~10 cm soil layer， with increasing by 42.66% and 57.29%， 75.54% and 116.30%， and 90.78% and 155.59%， respectively. Under the ALT treatment， the C/N ratio in the 0-10 cm soil layer significantly decreased， while the N/P ratio increased， alleviating soil nitrogen deficiency. The activities of β-1，4-glucosidase and β-1，4-N-acetylglucosaminidase significantly increased by 182.21% and 186.85%， respectively， with a higher increase than that in the AL treatment. ALT significantly increased the enzyme vector length in the 0~10 cm soil layer， intensifying microbial carbon limitation. Correlation analysis indicated that extracellular enzyme activities were mainly regulated by the combined effects of total nitrogen and organic carbon. In conclusion， the ALT reseeding pattern could effectively improve soil organic carbon and available nutrients， alleviate nitrogen deficiency， and enhance soil enzyme activities related to carbon and nitrogen cycling in degraded grasslands in this region. However， it also strengthened the carbon limitation of surface soil microorganisms.

Soil-microbial biomass stoichiometric characteristics serve as a robust indicator of ecosystem nutrient cycling efficiency， yet the mechanisms by which different artificial grassland restoration modes influence these traits remain unclear. This study investigated 3-year-old artificial grasslands dominated by tall-grass species （SF）， short-grass species （XF）， and a mixed planting of tall- and short-grass species （SFXF） in the Three-River-Source Region， with severely degraded alpine grassland （CK） as the control. Soil organic carbon （SOC）， total nitrogen （TN）， total phosphorus （TP）， microbial biomass carbon （MBC）， nitrogen （MBN）， and phosphorus （MBP） in the 0-10 cm layer were measured to analyze their stoichiometric ratios and microbial quotients. The impacts of different restoration modes on soil-microbial stoichiometric balance were further elucidated.The results demonstrated that all three artificial grassland establishment modes significantly enhanced SOC， MBN， and MBP contents. Specifically， the SF treatment increased soil TN， whereas the XF treatment reduced TN and decreased TP by 50.42%. MBN incresed by 24.36% and 35.59% under SF and XF treatments， respectively. The SFXF treatment decreased the microbial C-quotient by 78.40%， while the XF treatment elevated the microbial N-quotient by 49.61%， and the SFXF treatment reduced it by 11.33%. After restoration， the stoichiometric imbalances in soil-microbial biomass （Cimb：Nimb， Cimb：Pimb， and Nimb：Pimb） increased across all treatments， with the most pronounced escalation observed in the SFXF treatment. Redundancy analysis （RDA） revealed that soil N：P and C：P ratios were key drivers of microbial quotient variations. In conclusion， the SFXF mixed planting exerted the most substantial influence on soil-microbial C-N-P cycling. For practical management， supplemental nitrogen fertilization is recommended to optimize plant growth and improve soil quality.

To investigate the relationship between soil water-holding capacity and chemical characteristics， as well as the influencing factors， this study took the high-altitude cold meadows of Gannan as the research object， and analyzed the soil water-holding capacity， soil organic carbon （SOC）， nitrogen （N）， phosphorus （P）， soil organic carbon storage （SOCS）， total nitrogen storage （TNS）， total phosphorus storage （TPS）， and stoichiometric ratios. The results indicated that soil water-holding capacity decreased with increasing degradation severity， with the most significant changes in the surface layer； SOC， N， P， SOCS， TNS， carbon-phosphorus ratio （C∶P）， and nitrogen-phosphorus ratio （N∶P） decreased with increasing degradation severity； Soil water-holding capacity was extremely significantly positively correlated with vegetation cover， biomass， height， capillary porosity， total porosity， SOC， N， P， C∶P， N∶P， SOCS， and TNS， and extremely significantly negatively correlated with soil bulk density. Monte Carlo tests indicated that soil bulk density had the highest explanatory power for water-holding capacity （81.8%）， and vegetation cover， soil porosity， SOC， C∶P， TN， and TP were significant influencing factors. Therefore， in the ecological restoration and management of alpine meadows， vegetation and soil improvement measures should be optimised in a coordinated manner to simultaneously enhance water retention capacity and ecological functions.

This study aims to explore the effects of exogenous ABA on the accumulation pattern of differential metabolites in the roots of wild medicinal-edible plants Sphallerocarpus gracilis of Qilian Mountains. Ultra-high liquid phase system and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray-triple quadrupole linear ion trap-tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-ESI-QTRAP-MS/MS） extensive targeted metabolomics technology was used to detect and analyze the changes of metabolites in roots by applying with 20 μg·L^-1 exogenous abscisic acid （ABA） as well as 2000 mg·L^-1 sodium tungstate. The results showed that two kinds of carotenoids were detected in the roots of Sphallerocarpus gracilis for the first time， they were β-carotene and lutein， respectively. Furthermore， a total of 537 differential DAMs in 7 categories were identified， among them shikimic acid and phenylpropionic acid （206 species）， terpenoids（93 species）， alkaloids （92 species）and amino acids （84 species） accounted for a relatively high proportion. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed on differential metabolites based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. The differential metabolites （DAMs） were distributed in 15 metabolic pathways in 5 categories， which were mainly enriched in phenylalanine metabolism， thiamine metabolism and tyrosine metabolism. In summary， exogenous ABA and its inhibitor sodium tungstate can affect the metabolic pattern of Sphallerocarpus gracilis， which is expected to be applied to the development of targeted regulators on key metabolic pathways.

To investigate the biological effects of low-dose ⁶⁰Co-γ radiation on three Phalaris arundinacea resources and differentiate their radiation tolerance， their rhizomes with bud point （parental generation） were irradiated with 10 Gy of ⁶⁰Co-γ rays. The effects on seed germination and seedling physiological-biochemical characteristics of the first filial generation （M₁） were examined. The results demonstrated that radiation significantly suppressed germination rate， germination potential， and germination index of all three resources. Physiological analysis revealed chlorophyll and soluble sugar content in Phalaris arundinacea 3 significantly increased （P<0.05）， but peroxidase （POD） activity decreased. For Phalaris arundinacea 2， chlorophyll， malondialdehyde （MDA） content， and POD activity reduced， and soluble protein and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity elevated. For Phalaris arundinacea 1， soluble sugar and soluble protein content markedly decreased. Correlation analysis showed significant positive relationships between germination parameters and photosynthetic pigments. Principal component analysis yielded consistent findings with correlation results. The low-dose radiation tolerance hierarchy established by subordinate function analysis was Phalaris arundinacea 3>Phalaris arundinacea 1>Phalaris arundinacea 2.

To investigate the effects of exogenous triacontanol （TA） on the growth and physiological characteristics of sainfoin （Onobrychis viciifolia） seedlings under drought stress， three materials （‘Gansu’ sainfoin， new line P1， and 2049） were subjected to -1.0 MPa polyethylene glycol 6000 （T₁） simulated drought stress using a nutrient solution sand culture method. Foliar sprays of TA at 0（CK）， 2.5（T₂）， 5.0（T₃）， 7.5（T₄）， 10.0（T₅）， and 12.5（T₆） μmol·L^-1 were applied， and 21 morphological and physiological indicators were measured to identify the optimal TA concentration. Results demonstrated that all TA concentrations alleviated drought stress， with 10.0 μmol·L^-1 TA （T₅） exhibiting the greatest efficacy. Under T₅ treatment， shoot height， biomass， and photosynthetic parameters increased by 19%-454% compared to T₁， while root-shoot ratio， osmoregulatory substances， and antioxidant enzyme activities decreased by 15%-89%. Principal component analysis identified stomatal conductance， chlorophyll a， and carotenoids as key regulatory indicators. Comprehensive drought resistance evaluation ranked treatments as T₅ > T₆ > T₄ > T₃ > T₂ > T₁， with varietal responsiveness ordered as GS > P1 > 2049. These findings indicated that TA enhanced sainfoin drought resistance by modulating physio-biochemical traits， with 10.0 μmol·L^-1 （T₅） being the optimal treatment， providing a theoretical basis for TA application in drought management during sainfoin cultivation.

To investigate the physicochemical properties and stability of soil aggregates and their relationships under different saline-alkali gradients in the coastal saline-alkali land of the Yellow River Delta， this study combined field sampling with laboratory analysis to determine the nutrient content， particle size distribution， and stability indicators of soil aggregates across varying gradients. The results showed that under severe saline-alkali conditions， the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio， ammonium nitrogen， and available phosphorus content in <0.25 mm aggregates significantly decreased （P<0.05）. Similarly， nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content in 1-2 mm aggregates were also significantly lower under high salinity stress （P<0.05）. The geometric mean diameter and mean weight diameter of aggregates significantly reduced in severe saline-alkali conditions compared to moderate conditions （P<0.05）， while the proportion of 1-2 mm aggregates increased with increasing salinity. Correlation analysis revealed that salinity was significantly negatively correlated with total carbon and total nitrogen across all aggregate sizes （P<0.01）， and significantly positively correlated with the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio （P<0.01）. Under high saline-alkali conditions， available phosphorus， ammonium nitrogen， nitrate nitrogen， and aggregate stability indicators were all significantly negatively correlated with salt content （P<0.01）. In conclusion， the degree of saline-alkali stress significantly influenced the physicochemical properties and structural stability of soil aggregates， with high salinity potentially leading to nutrient loss and structural degradation.

Rainfall， temperature， and habitat resources are essential for the survival of animals in arid ecosystems， but the responses of the same species to these factors on a larger spatial scale are not clear. Orientallactaga sibirica is a widely distributed rodent in arid areas， and its living conditions can sensitively reflect climate change and habitat resource changes. It is of great significance to reveal the environmental adaptability of small mammals by studying the effects of environmental changes on the body size of O. sibirica. In this study， from June to August 2019， samples were collected by net capture method in the main distribution area of the O. sibirica. The body weight was weighed， and the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of muscle tissue were measured. The effects of annual average temperature， annual precipitation and normalized difference vegetation index （NDVI） on these indicators were explored. The results showed that the body weight of O. sibirica decreased significantly with the increase of annual average temperature （P0.01）. The annual precipitation was significantly negatively correlated with the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of muscle tissue （P0.01）. The segmented structural equation model analysis showed that the annual precipitation had a significant negative effect on the body weight of O. sibirica through NDVI and δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N （P0.05）. Thus， the body weight and feeding habits of O. sibirica adaptively adjusted with habitat changes.

To evaluate the potential impacts of grazing on grassland soil carbon pools， this study investigated the effects of different grazing intensities on the contents of soil organic carbon （SOC） and its fractions—including particulate organic carbon （POC）， mineral-associated organic carbon， light fraction organic carbon （LFOC）， heavy fraction organic carbon （HFOC）， easily oxidizable organic carbon （EOC）， and dissolved organic carbon （DOC）-in alpine meadows. The results showed that with increasing grazing intensities， the contents of SOC and most of its fractions significantly decreased （except for EOC and DOC）， and the stability of the organic carbon pool declined. Under extreme grazing， SOC and POC contents were significantly reduced by 33.54% and 56.21%， respectively， compared with light grazing. The ratios of EOC/SOC and DOC/SOC exhibited significant fluctuations in response to grazing intensity， making them important indicators for evaluating the impacts of grazing on soil carbon pools in alpine meadows. The contents of SOC and its fractions were significantly correlated with soil total nitrogen （TN） content， bulk density （BD）， and aboveground biomass （AGB）， with TN being the key factor influencing SOC and its fractions. Appropriate grazing intensity is crucial for maintaining and enhancing soil quality and carbon pool functions in alpine meadows， as overgrazing reduces SOC accumulation and stability. This study provides a scientific basis for grazing management and soil organic carbon pool conservation in alpine meadows of the East Qilian Mountains.

Xanthium spinosum， a highly invasive plant known for its rapid reproduction and widespread dispersal， significantly impacts the production of food and forage crops. It leads to reduced crop yields， diminished quality， and pasture degradation， making its control crucial for agricultural production. In this study， we investigated the effects of six sand burial depths （1 cm， 2 cm， 3 cm， 5 cm， 7 cm， and 9 cm） on seed germination， seedling growth， and allometric relationships of X. spinosum. The aim was to explore the ecological control of X. spinosum and the crop sowing strategies. The results were as follows： The germination index and emergence rate in the 7 cm and 9 cm burial depth treatments were significantly lower than those in other treatment groups. The plant height， plant weight， number of thorns， and thorn length were all significantly lower than those in the treatments with burial depths of 1 cm and 2 cm. （P<0.05）. The root-to-shoot ratio in the 7 cm and 9 cm burial depth treatments was significantly higher than that in other treatment groups （P<0.05）. The allometric exponent of stem dry weight in the 3 cm burial depth was significantly lower than those in the 5 cm， 7 cm， and 9 cm treatment groups （P<0.05）. Overall， deeper sand burial inhibited the seed germination and seedling growth of X. spinosum. Therefore， this study laid a theoretical foundation for the scientific prevention and control of X. spinosum and crop sowing. It is advisable to conduct deep plowing before crop sowing.

This paper researched the effects of disturbances of plateau pika （Ochotona curzoniae， OC）， plateau zokor （Eospalax fontanierii， EF）， and the symbiotic interference of plateau pika and plateau zokor （OC+EF） on plant and soil properties in three ecologically restored areas of formerly degraded alpine meadow in Henan County. It investigated how alpine meadow plant community characteristics， as measured by the changes in plant community species diversity and soil physical and chemical properties in the ecologically restored areas， responded to the disturbances of OC， EF and OC+EF. It also evaluated the effectiveness of ecological restoration in different disturbance patterns of rodents， and provided theoretical guidance to avoid secondary degradation. The results show that species richness and species diversity in the OC+EF disturbed area are significantly higher than those in the OC disturbed area. Total vegetation coverage and average plant height in the EF disturbed area are relatively high. Total vegetation coverage in the three externally disturbed areas of OC， EF， and OC+EF is 84.33%， 97.33% and 88.56%， respectively. The height of plant communities averages 47.70 cm， 168.23 cm and 139.47 cm， respectively， in the three treatments. The aboveground biomass of Gramineae， Leguminosae， Cyperaceae， and other miscellaneous herbs in EF is higher than that in OC and OC+EF. After ecological restoration， the forage yield of EF is the highest. Its soil organic carbon content is significantly higher than that of the other two disturbed areas （P0.05）. The soil available phosphorus contents of OC， EF， and OC+EF are 0.053 mg·g⁻¹， 0.055 mg·g⁻¹ and 0.035 mg·g⁻¹， respectively. Judging by the comprehensive indicators of plant community characteristics and soil physical and chemical properties studied， the ecological restoration effects in the EF disturbance is the most pronounced， followed by the OC+EF disturbance， while the effects under OC disturbance is the least tangible and likely attributable to secondary degradation. Therefore， if disturbed by OC only， it is necessary to adopt non-traditional ecological restoration measures， such as increasing soil compactness during no-tillage reseeding and covering the sowed soil with non-woven fabrics， both of which will be conducive to improving the effectiveness of ecological restoration.

In this study， there were 163 selected sampling sites with a total of 489 sampling plots in the grassland of Qinghai Lake Basin. And the spatial distribution characteristics of soil total carbon （TC）， soil organic carbon （SOC）， total nitrogen （TN） content and density （ TCD， SOCD and TND ） in different grassland types were studied by means of field sampling and experimental analysis， mathematical statistics and spatial analysis methods. Results showed that the soil average TC content in the 0-10 cm， 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm layers were 5.60%， 4.72% and 4.30%， respectively. Corresponding SOC content averaged 4.40%， 3.70%， and 3.34%； TN content were 0.46%， 0.37%， and 0.30%. The average values of TCD in the corresponding soil layers were 5.75 kg·m^-2， 6.07 kg·m^-2 and 6.01 kg·m^-2， respectively. The average values of SOCD were 4.53 kg·m^-2， 4.75 kg·m^-2 and 4.67 kg·m^-2， respectively. The average values of TND were 0.46 kg·m^-2， 0.46 kg·m^-2 and 0.42 kg·m^-2，respectively.Alpine meadow soils exhibited the highest carbon and nitrogen contents， whereas alpine desert soils showed the lowest. Spatially， the content and density of soil TC， SOC and TN were lower in the northwestern of the basin， on the northern shore of Qinghai Lake， in the headwaters of Buha river and Shaliu river， and higher in the middle reaches of all rivers. Soil cumulative SOC and TN contents and densities in the 0-30 cm depths were collectively influenced by annual mean precipitation， vegetation coverage， and ecosystem gross primary productivity.

To investigate the responses of distribution patterns of the endemic species Artemisia dalai-lamae in China to future climate change， this study utilized a parameter-optimized MaxEnt model with specimen data and environmental variables. The distribution patterns and centroid shifts of A. dalai-lamae under current and future （2021—2060） climate scenarios across three representative pathways were predicted. The results indicate that when the Regularization Multiplier （RM） was set to 3 and the Feature Combination （FC） configured as linear， quadratic and hinge （LQH）， the model achieved the lowest complexity and overfitting while maintaining high predictive accuracy. The primary environmental factors influencing the distribution of A. dalai-lamae were elevation， annual precipitation， precipitation of warmest quarter， and annual mean temperature. Under current climate conditions， the suitable habitat area for A. dalai-lamae spans 122.93×10⁴ km²， with optimal distribution concentrated between the eastern sections of the Qilian and Kunlun Mountains. Under future climate scenarios， the suitable habitat area is projected to significantly decrease （with a maximum reduction of 43.2%）， and the distribution centroid shows a northwestward shift toward higher latitudes and elevations. These findings suggest that future climate warming poses a severe threat to the survival of A. dalai-lamae.

In　this study， the effects of saline-alkali stress on seed germination characteristics of two common Artemisia species from the Songnen grassland-Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart ex Willd. and A. lavandulifolia DC. were investigated under three groups of different day/night temperature conditions （5/15℃， 15/25℃， and 25/35℃）. Four concentrations （0， 12.5， 25， and 50 mmol·L^-1） of neutral salt （NaCl）， alkaline salt （Na₂CO₃）， and composite saline-alkali solutions （NaCl+Na₂CO₃） were simulated to assess germination percentage， germination rate， and germination potential. The results indicated that seed germination in both A. sieversiana and A. lavandulaefolia was significantly influenced by temperature， saline-alkali stress， species， and the most interactive effects （P<0.05）. The germination percentage rate， and potential of A. sieversiana seeds first decreased and then declined with the increase of temperature， and the optimal germination temperature condition was 15/25℃. A. lavandulifolia exhibited declining germination indicators with the increase of temperature， showing optimal performance at 5/15℃. The germination capacity of A. sieversiana seeds decreased with increase of the concentration of the three saline-alkali solutions under all the tested temperature treatments， and was significantly lower than CK at medium-high concentrations （P<0.05）. The germination characteristics of A. lavandulifolia seeds increased first and then decreased with the increase of the concentration of three saline alkali solutions at low temperature. Treatment with 25.0 mmol·L^-1 single salt solution （NaCl）， 12.5 mmol·L^-1 single alkali solution （Na₂CO₃）， and mixed saline-alkali solutions （NaCl + Na₂CO₃） significantly promoted seed germination compared to the control （P<0.05）. At low concentrations across the three solution types， both species showed no significant differences in germination performance. However， under stress with high-concentration of mixed saline-alkali solutions resulted in markedly lower germination rates compared to individual salt or alkali treatments. Additionally， the interactive effects of saline-alkali stress and temperature exerted dual inhibitory impacts on seed germination.

To screen out high-quality salt-tolerant Lolium multiflorum germplasm resources， the salt tolerance of 50 accessions of Lolium multiflorum with different ploidy levels were evaluated in this study. Under different NaCl concentration treatments of 0， 50， 100， 150， 200 and 250 mmol·L^-1， the root length， shoot length， germination rate， germination potential， germination index， and vigor index after seed germination were measued. Salt tolerance of the experimental materials was assessed by using correlation analysis and other methods. The results showed that the D values of the 50 materials ranged from 0.037 to 0.972. At a Euclidean distance of 13.5， the 50 accessions were classified into 1 salt-tolerant accession， 9 moderately salt-tolerant accessions， 15 moderately salt-sensitive accessions， and 25 salt-sensitive accessions. Salt stress treatment of the screened extreme materials with different ploidy at the seedling stage showed that both plant height and biomass were inhibited， while relative water content and chlorophyll content were decreased， indicating that plant growth and physiological processes were suppressed under salt stress. Comprehensive comparison between the seed germination and seedling stages revealed that tetraploid Lolium multiflorum germplasm exhibited better salt tolerance than diploid materials. The findings provide theoretical support for breeding salt-tolerant Lolium multiflorum materials.

Leymus secalinus plays an important role in improving the ecological environment of the grassland in northern China， the construction of high-yield grassland， the improvement of grassland and the high-quality development of grassland animal husbandry. In this study， 70 wild L. secalinus germplasm resources were used as experimental materials. Based on 19 traits， the principal component analysis （PCA） method， the grey correlation analysis （GCA） method and the distance-based technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （DTOPSIS） method were used to comprehensively evaluate the genetic diversity of the germplasm resources of L. secalinus. The results showed that the coefficient of variation of 19 trait indexes of 70 L. secalinus germplasm resources ranged from 0.71% to 97.20%， and the variation degree of stem traits was higher than that of leaves， and the variation degree of phenotypic traits was higher than that of quality traits. There was a significant correlation between the indexes of each trait， and eight phenotypic traits were significantly correlated with fiber content， and plant height and forageyield were significantly correlated with RFV （P<0.01）. LS46 and LS69 performed well in all three different comprehensive evaluation methods. They can provide germplasm material basis for cultivating high-yield and high-quality forage.

This study investigated the temperature adaptability of three grass species （Elymus nutans， Bromus inermis， and Festuca sinensis） through the controlled experiments simulating diurnal thermal regimes （10℃/5℃， 15℃/5℃， 20℃/5℃， 25℃/10℃） characteristic of their natural habitat during March-November. We systematically analyzed seed germination dynamics （quantified by germination rate， potential， and index）， seedling growth parameters， and physiological stress markers to elucidate species-adaptive responses to temperature gradients in Alpine region. With the increase of temperature， the germination rate， germination potential and germination index of the Elymu snutans seeds all increased first and then decreased. The germination rate， germination potential and germination index of Bromus inermis and Festuca sinensis seeds increased significantly with the increase of temperature. The contents of malondialdehyde （MDA）， soluble sugar （SS） and free proline （Pro） of the three grass seedlings increased with decreasing temperature. The results showed that the optimum temperature was 20℃/5℃ for Elymus nutans， 25℃/10℃ for Bromus inermis and Festuca sinensis. The comprehensive evaluation of the membership function showed that the temperature adaptability of the three grass species was Elymu snutans > Bromus inermis > Festuca sinensis.

Fertilization and reseeding are currently main restoration methods for degraded grasslands. Clarifying the impacts of fertilization and reseeding on the stability of plant communities and the interspecific relationship in alpine meadows is of great significance for grassland restoration. In this study， after applying organic fertilizer and reseeding in the alpine meadows of Maqu County， the structure and composition of plant communities were investigated. The Euclidean distance was used to evaluate the community stability， and methods such as the Levins method， variance ratio method， and Pearson correlation test were employed to comprehensively analyze the ecological niches and interspecific relationships of main species within the study area. The results showed that from 2022 to 2024， the stability of plant communities in the alpine meadows decreased year by year. After fertilization and reseeding， the increase in the Euclidean distance was 7% lower than the control， significantly reducing the declining rate of community stability （P<0.05）. After fertilization and reseeding， the proportion of Gramineae and Cyperaceae increased by 122.9% and 73.7%， respectively， and the community stability and the proportion of the biomass of forbs rebounded in the third year. After fertilization and reseeding， the ecological niche breadth of main Gramineae increased， while the forbs decreased. The values of ecological niche overlap among species increased， the degree of interspecific association rose， and the anti-interference ability of the community enhanced. In conclusion， the measures of fertilization and reseeding had a positive effect on restoring the degraded alpine grasslands and maintaining community stability within three years of restoration. However， the succession process of plant community was not a one-way improvement， and measures needed to be taken in the later stage to delay the rebound of stability.

No-till reseeding is one of the important measures for restoring degraded grassland， and whether the replanted grass species can grow and settle in the native vegetation community is the key to the success of no-till reseeding in degraded grassland. In order to clarify the effects of fertilization and compaction measures on the growth of no-tillage reseeding grasses， grass community characteristics and biodiversity， three no-tillage reseeding modes， five fertilizer combinations and two compaction treatments were set up in this study. The results showed that， compared with the control treatment， the nitrogen and phosphorus treatments had a significant effect on the characteristics of grass communities in the three replanting modes， in which the height of grass communities increased by 23.91%-43.43%， the cover increased by 7.07%-15.21%， and the density and biomass increased by 15.74%-51.94% and 17.57%-36.78%， respectively， but there was no significant effect on the diversity of grass communitie.Compared to the single-species supplemented grassland of alfalfa and awnless sparrow. The vegetation cover and density of the simultaneously supplemented grassland of alfalfa and awnless sparrow significantly increased by 3.01%-3.89%， 6.45%-15.90%， and the diversity indices of grassland， such as Simpson’s index of dominance， Shannon-Wiener’s index， and Pielou’s index of evenness， increased by 3.65%-9.70%， 5.02%-9.38% and 2.89%-8.97%. The average plant height， cover， density and biomass of the grass community compaction after no-till reseeding increased by 6.44%， 0.76%， 3.07% and 11.37%， respectively， compared with that of the no-suppression treatment. Considering all the factors， the measures of replanting alfalfa and awnless triticale in degraded grassland， adding nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients， and suppressing treatment can improve the productivity and restore the ecological function of the grassland.

In order to explore the changes of community vegetation characteristics and stability before and after different grassland restoration， this study took three main types of grasslands （alpine meadow， mountain meadow and temperate grassland） in the eastern Qilian Mountains as the research objects. According to the methods of community investigation， paired sample T-test and curve fitting， the structural characteristics， diversity and stability of communities before and after ecological restoration were analyzed. The results showed that： Comprehensive restoration measures could effectively improve the vegetation coverage， density and biomass of grassland， which showed an upward trend and significant difference （P<0.05）. After restoration， the important value of dominant species Kobresia humilis in alpine meadow increased to 32.76， the important value of dominant species Stipa bungeana in mountain meadow increased from 25.69 to 32.74， and the important value of dominant species S. breviflora in temperate grassland increased to 31.20. Cyperaceae and Gramineae played an important role in the restoration of three types of grassland. The implementation of restoration measures led to the increase of species number and biomass， which changed the grassland population structure and reduced the uniformity of species distribution， so that the Margalef， Shannon-Wiener and Simpson indexes increased， and the pielou evenness index decreased. After restoration， the Euclidean distances of alpine meadow， mountain meadow and temperate steppe were 6.29， 8.85 and 5.39， respectively， and the stability of M.Godron was further improved. In summary， ecological restoration can effectively improve the characteristics and stability of grassland communities in the eastern Qilian Mountains， but the responses of each grassland to restoration effects are inconsistent. It is necessary to pay more attention to grassland changes after restoration to prevent grassland degradation again after restoration.

Soybean residue， a primary by-product of soybean processing， can undergo aerobic fermentation to enhance its nutritional value and palatability. Water activity may emerge as a key determinant of the nutritional quality of soybean residue during aerobic fermentation. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of aerobic fermentation on the fermentation quality of soybean residue feed under different water activities （Aw）， providing a theoretical basis for the production process of soybean residue feed. A soybean residue feed material with water activity as a single variable was constructed by recombining the raw material substrate and microorganisms through microbial transplantation technology. Three water activity treatment groups were established： low （Aw1=0.9868）， medium （Aw2=0.9880） and high （Aw3=0.9912）. Microbial quantity， nutrient composition， and fermentation quality were analyzed after fermentation for 12 h， 24 h， 36 h， 48 h， and 60 h under aerobic conditions. The results showed that the soluble carbohydrate content was higher in the Aw2 group （P<0.001）， and Enterobacter and yeast showed greater adaptability. Crude protein content， organic acid content， and lactic acid bacteria quantity were higher in the Aw3 group （P<0.001）， and the growth of mold and aerobic bacteria was significantly inhibited. Under medium and high water activity conditions， microbial metabolism was more active and utilized substrates more efficiently. In conclusion， the fermentation quality of soybean residue feed in the medium and high water activity treatment groups （Aw2 and Aw3） were superior， and the quality of aerobic fermentation could be effectively improved by reasonably adjusting water activity.

The objective of this study was to determine whether the novel osmolyte trimethylamine N-oxide （TMAO） enhances drought tolerance of Lotus japonicus and to preliminarily reveal the corresponding physiological mechanisms. L. japonicus ecotype ‘Miyakojima’ MG-20 was used in the study. Five concentrations of TMAO （0.1 mmol·L^-1， 0.5 mmol·L^-1， 1 mmol·L^-1， 5 mmol·L^-1， and 10 mmol·L^-1） and ddH₂O were sprayed on MG20 leaves daily for 7 d， plants were then immediately subjected to drought treatment for 28 d， followed by rewatering for 7 d. Based on plant phenotype， 5 mmol·L^-1 TMAO was selected as the best concentration to improve the drought tolerance of L. japonicus. To further investigate the underlying physiological mechanism， 5 mmol·L^-1 TMAO was sprayed on leaves for 7 d followed by drought tolerance evaluation. After 28 days of drought， plant height， leaf relative water content （LRWC）， chlorophyll content （Chl）， and photochemical efficiency （F_v/F_m） were significantly lower in both drought-stressed plants sprayed with ddH₂O （D-W） or TMAO （D-T） compared to well-watered controls sprayed with ddH₂O （W-W） or TMAO （W-T）. However， these parameters were significantly higher in the D-T group than in the D-W group. Concurrently， leaf relative electrolyte leakage （EL） and superoxide anion （O^2-） accumulation in leaves were significantly higher in the D-W and D-T groups compared to the W-W and W-T groups， but significantly lower in the D-T group than in the D-W group. Following 7 days of rewatering， chlorophyll content remained significantly higher in the D-T group compared to the D-W group， while no significant differences were observed in the other measured parameters between these two groups. These results indicate that foliar application of TMAO can alleviate drought-induced damage in L. japonicus， providing an effective approach for improving cultivation under drought conditions.

Soil salinization of grassland seriouly affects the development of regional animal husbandry. It is urgent to improve the salinized land to enhance its quality and ensure the ecological security of grassland production. In this study， cattle manure （NF） was utilized as raw material to produce biochar through carbonization at different temperatures （400℃， NF4； 500℃， NF5）， with corresponding Ca（NO₃）₂-modified counterparts （Ca4， Ca5）. These amendments were systematically evaluated for their remediation effects on saline-alkali grassland soils， to provide data and technical support for sustainable manure valorization and salinized soil improvement. Biochar and its modified counterparts amendments significantly reduced both soil pH and total alkalinity （P<0.05）， with NF4 showing the greatest pH decrease and NF5 exhibiting the maximum alkalinity reduction. Soluble sodium content was significantly reduced （P<0.05）， with NF4 and Ca4 showing the highest reductions. Biochar amendments also significantly increased soil organic carbon （P<0.05）， available phosphorus， and exchangeable potassium， with carbonized manure demonstrating the greatest improvements. Overall， NF4 optimally balanced alkalinity reduction and nutrient enhancement， suggesting its priority for saline-alkali soil remediation when using cattle manure to improve saline soil.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of co-adding Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and cellulase on the fermentation quality of mulberry （Morus alba） leaf silage and to provide a basis for the feed utilization of mulberry leaf resources.The experiment comprised three treatments： the CK group （no additives）， the SL group added with L. plantarum （5×10⁵ CFU·g^-1 FM）， and the SLC group added with L. plantarum （5×10⁵ CFU·g^-1 FM） and cellulase （0.3% FM）. Each group had six replicates. After 60 days of fermentation， we analyzed sensory indicators， nutritional components， fermentation quality， and the number of major microorganisms. The gas production characteristics were evaluated by an in vitro fermentation test. The results showed that compared with the CK group， the contents of dry matter， crude protein， water-soluble carbohydrates， lactic acid， acetic acid， and the number of lactic acid bacteria in the SLC group showed significant increases （P<0.05）， while the contents of neutral detergent fiber， acid detergent fiber， pH value， the number of yeast， mold， and aerobic bacteria decreased （P<0.05）. Compared with the CK group， the organic matter degradation rate， gas production， and gas production rate of the SLC group increased （P<0.05）. It is evident that the co-addition of L. plantarum and cellulase can significantly improve the fermentation quality of mulberry leaf silage， reduce nutrient loss， and enhance the feeding value.

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of citral （Citral， C） on the growth of Aspergillus flavus （A. flavus） and the synthesis of aflatoxin B1 （AFB1） in whole-plant corn silage. The experiment used whole-plant corn at the milk stage as the material， which was ensiled for 90 days and then inoculated with A. flavus spores （1.0×10⁷ cfu·g^-1）. Citral was added at 0.4 mL·kg^-1 （C group）， with an untreated group as the control （CK group）. The antifungal activity of citral was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC）， mycelial dry weight， colony diameter， fermentation parameters， microbial counts， and the AFB1 content after aerobic exposure. The results showed that the MIC of citral against A. flavus was 0.4 μL·mL^-1， significantly inhibiting mycelial growth and spore germination （P<0.05）. After 7 days of aerobic exposure， the AFB1 content in the C group was below the detection limit （0.05 μg·kg^-1）， while it reached 3.66 μg·kg^-1 in the CK group. Additionally， citral significantly reduced the abundance of E. coli， yeasts， and harmful fungi （e.g.， Aspergillus） （P<0.05）， while mitigating pH increase and dry matter loss. In conclusion， citral effectively suppressed A. flavus growth and AFB1 synthesis， improving the aerobic stability of silage， thereby providing a theoretical basis for the development of plant-derived antifungal agents.

The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of dominant Clostridia community and screen targeted bacteriostatic lactic acid bacteria in high-moisture alfalfa silage through high-throughput sequencing combined with correlation network analyses. Sucrose group （sucrose added at 20 g·kg^-1 fresh matter， FM）， LAB group （LAB inoculant was composed of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Lentilactobacillus buchneri and applied at 10⁶ cfu·g^-1 FM） ， and control group were established. All groups were subjected to 56 days of anaerobic ensiling at ambient temperature. The results showed that severe butyric acid fermentation occurred in both the control and LAB groups. Compared to the control and LAB groups， the sucrose group significantly increased the lactic acid content （P<0.05）， while significantly decreased butyric acid， ammonia nitrogen， and Clostridia counts （P<0.05）. Clostridium sp. BTY5， Garciella sp. GK3， and Clostridiales bacterium mt11 were significantly positively correlated with butyric acid， ammonia nitrogen， and Clostridia counts （P<0.05）. L. buchneri and Lactobacillus melliventris were significantly negatively correlated with these three key Clostridia （P<0.05） and were significantly negatively correlated with pH， butyric acid， ammonia nitrogen， and Clostridia counts （P<0.05）. In conclusion， Clostridium sp. BTY5， Garciella sp. GK3， and Clostridiales bacterium mt11 were identified as the key Clostridia responsible for butyric acid fermentation in high-moisture alfalfa silage. The addition of sucrose can effectively improve silage fermentation quality. L. buchneri and L. melliventris have the potential to inhibit targeted key Clostridia.

To optimize the artificial cultivation model of Astragalus dahuricus （Pall.） DC.， this study used a wild domesticated variety from the Hunshandak Sandy Land in Inner Mongolia as material， and employed a three-factor four-level orthogonal experimental design to investigate the effects of row spacing （40， 50， 60， 70 cm）， seeding rate （10， 15， 20， 25 kg·hm^-2）， and the application amount of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer （105， 210， 315， 420 kg·hm^-2） on yield and quality. Results showed that row spacing had the greatest effect on forage yield， with the order of influence being row spacing>seeding rate>fertilizer application rate. The orthogonal experiment range analysis identified the optimal cultivation combination for forage yield as 40 cm row spacing， 25 kg·hm^-2 seeding rate， and 315 kg·hm^-2 fertilizer application rate， under which the fresh and dry forage yields were the highest. Different cultivation measures had no significant effects on the contents of Neutral detergent fiber， Acid detergent fiber， Crude protein， Coarse ash， Stem-Leaf Ratio and Ether extract content. However， given the critical role of forage quality in production systems， a comprehensive evaluation integrating quality indices and yield was performed using the entropy weight method. The optimal cultivation regime balancing yield-quality synergy was ultimately established as： 50 cm row spacing， 25 kg·hm^-2 seeding rate， and 420 kg·hm^-2 fertilization rate. This study provides a scientific basis for the large-scale cultivation of A. dahuricus， and is of significant importance for improving forage production efficiency in the sandy lands of northern China.