This study utilized SSR markers to assess the genetic diversity and structure of natural Phyllanthus emblica populations in Guangxi, China, and revealed habitat factors influencing genetic variation, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for germplasm conservation and elite variety breeding of P. emblica.

Genetic diversity and population structure of P. emblica were analyzed across 18 natural populations (398 individuals) from Guangxi using 13 SSR primer pairs. Genetic analyses were performed with PolyGene, GenAlEx and STRUCTURE software, and correlation heatmaps were generated using R software.

A total of 145 alleles were detected across 13 SSR loci, with an average of 11.154 alleles per locus. The mean observed heterozygosity (H_o), expected heterozygosity (H_e), polymorphism information content (PIC), and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (I) for each locus were 0.515, 0.635, 0.595, and 1.412, respectively. Among the 18 populations, BSLL exhibited the highest genetic diversity, with H_e and I of 0.630 and 1.327, while GLPL showed the lowest, with H_e and I of 0.494 and 0.875, respectively. Dry-hot valley populations displayed significantly higher H_e and I than humid area populations. Genetic diversity was significantly positively correlated with temperature-related factors (Bio6: minimum temperature of the coldest month; Bio8: mean temperature of the wettest quarter; Bio11: mean temperature of the coldest quarter) and negative correlation with precipitation-related variables (Bio12: Annual precipitation; Bio13: precipitation of the wettest month; Bio19: precipitation of the coldest quarter). Analysis of molecular variation (AMOVA) indicated that 9.134% of genetic variation occurred among populations, while 90.866% within populations. STRUCTURE analyses (Delta K=2, 3, 4) consistently group dry-hot valley populations into a distinct cluster, demonstrating significant differentiation from humid area population.

Natural P. emblica populations in Guangxi possess moderate genetic diversity, with significant inter-population differentiation. Notably, dry-hot valley populations are genetically distinct from humid area populations, driven by divergent temperature and rainfall regimes. Therefore, it is recommended to implement targeted conservation strategies, including germplasm collection, preservation, and utilization-specific to distinct ecotypes such as dry-hot valley and humid area populations. This approach will effectively conserve genetic diversity and facilitate the rational exploitation of germplasm resources for future breeding programs.

To resolve the issues of unclear parental origins and unstable offspring traits during Hibiscus syriacus L. breeding by farmers, the genetic variability analysis and correlation analysis on phenotypic traits and molecular makers were performed.

50 Hibiscus syriacus L. germplasms were used as experimental materials, with the data code method, the genetic variability analysis of ISSR and AFLP molecular makers were performed to trace the parentage of ‘local new variety’@@@. The correlations among 7 phenotypic indicators and their correlations with molecular markers were obtained by correlation analysis, and the phenotypic traits with strong genetic stability were selected to provide target phenotypes for the breeding of improved Hibiscus syriacus L.

The results showed that a total 62 polymorphism fragments and 59 polymorphic fragments of 50 germplasms are generated from of 7 pairs of ISSR primers. The polymorphism rate reaches 95.16%, the genetic similarity coefficients are 0.051 4-1.000 0. Simultaneously, a total 49 polymorphism fragments and 47 polymorphic fragments of 50 germplasms are generated from of 23 pairs of ISSR primers. The polymorphism rate reaches 95.92%, the genetic similarity coefficients are 0.000 0-1.000 0. By comparing the genetic similarity coefficients between ‘local new variety’@@@ and foreign varieties, parental origin tracing is successfully accomplished for four cultivars (No. 21、No. 22、No. 23、No. 24). It shows that there are the significantly different in 7 phenotypic traits. The mean coefficient of variation (CV) is 46.00, and the phenotypic diversity index (H) of 50 cultivars are 0.405-2.049. The results of correlation analysis show that the correlations of 4 phenotypic traits about petals type (PT), floral halo (FH), FR and seed shape (SS) are significant, and the correlations of 3 phenotypic traits about FC, leaf shape (LS) and leaf margin serration (LMS) are not significant. There are significance correlations between phenotypic traits and the polymorphism sites of molecular markers, among which PT, FH and FR possess more correlated polymorphism sites, all exceeding 15%. In contrast, FC, LS and LMS possess fewer correlated polymorphism sites, all below 5%. The correlation analyses indicate that this three traits, FC, LS and LMS, are not suitable as target phenotypes to avoid producing offspring with unstable trait expression during new cultivar breeding.

This study provides new research ideas and directions for the variety certification and improving the trait stability of ‘local new variety’@@@, obtained from the resource survey.

Wildlife plays a pivotal role in biodiversity conservation, and field resource surveys form the fundamental basis. Efficient recognition of monitoring images is a critical prerequisite for scientific wildlife resource investigation and protection. However, domain shift issues caused by varying lighting conditions, backgrounds, shooting scales, and species differences often degrade recognition model performance. This study aims to enhance the generalization capability of wildlife species recognition under complex unlabeled field environments, providing key technical support for open-environment wildlife classification research.

This paper proposed a deep convolutional domain adaptation model for wildlife image recognition to enhance cross-domain accuracy in unannotated scenarios. Specifically, the model employs a pre-trained ResNet50 network as a feature extractor to capture domain-invariant convolutional features of wildlife images through maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) constraints. A mixup-based probabilistic distribution feature alignment module is designed to map semantic spaces in fully connected layers, enhancing the model's ability to learn high-level semantic information. Finally, entropy regularization constraints and target domain correlation mining are integrated to optimize low-density separation boundaries between categories, further improving the model's generalization and robustness.

A series of experiments were performed on two wildlife datasets, which contain 8 and 11 species respectively, to validate the model's effectiveness. The results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves average accuracies of 98.3% and 81.7% on the two datasets, significantly outperforming adversarial learning-based baseline models in wildlife image recognition.

The proposed deep convolutional domain adaptation-integrated wildlife image recognition model effectively mitigates domain shifts caused by spatiotemporal scenario variations and species differences, thereby enhancing cross-domain wildlife species recognition accuracy. This approach offers a robust technical framework for advancing wildlife conservation and ecological monitoring.

To comprehensively elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins in higher plant embryogenesis and abiotic stress responses.

Hidden Markov model and bioinformatics were used to screen and identify LEA genes family from the whole genome of Malus sieversii, and their sequence features, conserved motifs, gene structures, cis-acting elements, and expression patterns were analyzed.

The 119 LEA genes were identified in the whole genome of Malus sieversii. According to their conserved structural domains and phylogenetic relationships, they were categorized into eight different groups (LEA1-LEA6, DHN, SMP), among which the MsiLEA2 group was the most gene-rich. Analysis of the cis-acting elements showed that most of the MsiLEA genes were associated with light response elements, abiotic stress response. In addition, some genes were related to biosynthetic pathways, such as abscisic acid response, growth hormone response, methyl jasmonate response, and meristematic tissue expression. The analysis of the expression pattern of Malus sieversii LEA genes in different periods of seed low-temperature stratification and in different organs showed that the expression of MsiDHN3 decreased during seed low-temperature stratification and was higher in all organs, indicating that MsiDHN3 plays a role in the low-temperature stratification of Malus sieversii seeds.

This study provides new insights into the formation of the MsiLEA genes family in Malus sieversii, it also deepens the understanding of the potential roles of these genes during embryonic developmental stages and abiotic stress response in Malus sieversii seeds. These results are instructive for future functional studies of the MsiLEA genes family and provide a theoretical basis for exploring the role of MsiLEA genes in the embryonic developmental stages of Malus sieversii seeds.

This study examined the spatial heterogeneity of 20 traditional villages in Meishan from a multiscale perspective, analyzes the spatial correlation with cultural heritage, and proposed preservation strategies for traditional village conservation and cultural continuity based on the village type identification of natural-cultural factors.

Utilizing ArcGIS, production-living-ecological space classification, and bivariate local spatial autocorrelation, spatial heterogeneity of villages and their spatial correlation with cultural heritage were analyzed, the characteristics of traditional villages through K-means clustering were classified.

1) Spatial distribution of villages follows strong topographic and functional orientations, 75% are located in plain-hilly areas with slopes of 10°-20° and elevations below 500 m, all near water, and 85% in medium and low geological hazard zones. Five layout types are identified: waterfront linear, axial extension, terraced slope, clustered aggregation, and multi-nuclei group pattern. Ecological space accounted for the largest proportion, while living and production spaces correlates with village function and spatial layout; 2) Cultural heritage exhibits a “large agglomeration, small dispersion” pattern, with weak spatial dependency on villages, only 15% of villages are in high-high clusters, 40% in high-low clusters, 45% in non-significant clusters; 3) Based on clustering of natural and cultural factors, villages are categorized into four typical groups: high risk, culture enriched, ecologically constrained, and moderately balanced.

Meishan villages possess a premium natural foundation and stable geological conditions, their spatial pattern demonstrating significant adaptation to the topographic features, but they show weak linkages to cultural heritage, and exhibit significant negative spatial correlation. This requires differentiated protection strategy, through strengthened graded risk management and heritage resource integration to fulfill the spatial governance requirements for the harmonious coexistence of nature and culture.

Tourism ecological resilience is an important indicator of the sustainable development capacity of the tourism ecosystem, and reveals the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving factors, which is a reference basis for promoting the sustainable development of tourism.

Based on adaptive capacity, resilience, and transformative potential, an evaluation index system for tourism ecological resilience was constructed. Using the entropy weight-TOPSIS method, exploratory spatial data analysis, standard deviation ellipses, and the geographic detector model, the spatiotemporal evolution and driving factors of tourism ecological resilience in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2014 to 2023 were analyzed.

1) From 2014 to 2019, tourism ecological resilience showed a stable upward trend, while it exhibited a “W”-shaped pattern from 2019 to 2023, and the overall was low. There are significant spatial differences, with the distribution characterized by downstream regions>midstream regions>upstream regions. 2) The global autocorrelation of tourism ecological resilience is not significant, but local autocorrelation shows four types of clustering: high-high, high-low, low-high, and low-low. The number of districts with significant local autocorrelation has increased from 17 to 24. 3) The spatial discrete degree of tourism ecological resilience shows a pattern of contraction followed by expansion, with a clear directional trend. The azimuth angle expands each year, while the center of gravity remains largely stable. 4) Tourism resources, economic development, government regulation, and ecosystem resilience are the main factors influencing the spatiotemporal evolution of tourism ecological resilience in the Yangtze River economic belt.

The tourism ecological resilience is weak overall, and the spatial difference is obvious in the Yangtze River economic belt. Therefore, promoting the upgrading of the tourism industry, developing new tourism forms such as smart tourism and eco-tourism, increasing ecological protection and restoration, and implementing cross-regional tourism resource integration and optimal allocation are the key measures to enhance tourism ecological resilience.

Current wooden chairs commonly suffer from insufficient support, structural deformation, and poor stability, negatively impacting user experience and durability. To address these issues and enhance the structural performance and usability of wooden chairs, this study investigates the critical role of wood's mechanical properties in chair design and proposes an optimized design based on these characteristics. The aim is to improve load-bearing capacity, stability, and material utilization efficiency.

The compressive and flexural strength of different wood types (e.g., pine, oak, beech) was systematically analyzed, along with the influence of grain direction and moisture content on material strength. Based on these findings, a mechanics-driven optimization design was proposed, focusing on improving the connection structure between the chair frame and seat to enhance overall support. Finite element analysis (FEA) using ANSYS software was then conducted to simulate stress distribution and structural stability, ensuring design rationality.

Physical prototype testing demonstrated that the optimized chair exhibited a 22% increase in compressive efficiency under static and dynamic loads, a 37% improvement in backrest support, and a reduction of over 25% in lumbar pressure due to ergonomic enhancements. Additionally, material stiffness increased by 19%, stability improved by 23%, validating the effectiveness of grain optimization strategies. The optimized design also minimized material waste, improving wood utilization while maintaining cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability.

Structural optimization based on wood's mechanical properties effectively enhances the durability and comfort of wooden chairs, providing a scientific foundation for furniture design. Future research could further explore the optimal pairing of different wood types with structural designs and incorporate sustainable materials (e.g., bamboo, engineered wood) to develop more efficient and eco-friendly solutions for the wooden furniture industry.

To study the phenotype of disease-resistant superior plants in the offspring of ‘Youza 2’ × ‘Haiyou 3’, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the study of genetic variation of interspecific hybridization and the cultivation of excellent germplasm of Camellia oleifera.

Ten disease-resistant and superior strains were selected from the F₁ generation of Camellia oleifera with ‘Youza 2’ as the female parent and ‘Haiyou 3’ as the male parent, and their flower phenotypes were determined. Among the 10 excellent disease resistant plants, six of them were fruited, and their fruit phenotype and economic quality traits were determined and analyzed, and the scores were calculated by principal component analysis, and the optimal plants were selected.

1) The flowering period of the 10 resistant plants and their male parent ‘Haiyou 3’ was in winter, and the flowering period of the female parent ‘Youza 2’ was spring, and the flowering period of the hybrid offspring was earlier than that of the male parent. The coefficient of variation of the 11 measured indexes, including floral appearance and pollen characteristics, ranged from 2.98% to 17.47%; 2) The coefficient of variation of 26 measured fruit appearance, economy and quality traits among hybrid offspring ranged from 6.51% to 57.71%; 3) Principal component analysis was performed on 14 indexes, including single fruit weight, fruit transverse and longitudinal diameter, peel thickness, etc., and two principal components were extracted, with a cumulative contribution rate of 88.86%. The comprehensive ranking of 6 disease resistance results of the hybrid offspring was YH-10>YH-7>YH-2>YH-5>YH-4>YH-1, of which YH-10 has the highest comprehensive score of 3.17.

After cross-breeding with ‘Youza 2’ as the female parent and ‘Haiyou 3’ as the male parent, the F₁ generation of disease-resistant superior plants was rich in phenotypic variation among plants, and the F₁ generation produced a disease-resistant large-fruited superior plant YH-10 with excellent traits of both parents (disease resistance and fruit economic traits significantly higher than those of the low parents), and its single fruit weight increased by 41.65 g compared with that of the female parent.

In order to clarify the best intercropping medicinal plants, this paper studied the allelopathy of medicinal plants on seed germination and seedling growth of C. oleifera, and studied the effects of different extracts of five medicinal plants on the growth of C. oleifera, in order to lay a theoretical foundation for the development of C. oleifera forest economy.

Taking the water extract of five medicinal plants as the research objects, the effects of medicinal plants on C. oleifera were determined by measuring the indexes of seed germination, seedling growth, seedling growth, physiology and defense enzyme activity.

Curcuma longa (C. longa) extract has a significant promoting effect on the germination rate of C. oleifera seeds, and the effect of stem and leaf extract is the most obvious. The extract of Clinacanthus nutans inhibits the germination rate of C. oleifera seeds. The medium and low concentrations of C. longa and recluse extract promote the growth of C. oleifera seedlings. Among them, 50 g/L extract and 25 g/L recluse extract significantly promote the root length and fresh weight of seedlings. The extract of 200 g/L C. longa and 25g/L C. nutans significantly increased the plant height, shoot length and shoot diameter of C. oleifera seedlings. The 200 g/L C. longa extract has a significant inhibitory effect on the malondialdehyde content of C. oleifera, which is 12.29 μmol/g. The soluble sugar content of C. oleifera is the highest when the concentration of C. longa extract is 200 g/L, which is 6.81 mg/g. The chlorophyll content of C. oleifera treated with 100 g/L C. longa extract is the highest, which is 1.898 6 mg/g. The higher the concentration of C. longa extract, the higher the POD activity and the lower the SOD activity, and the PPO activity shows a phenomenon of low promotion and high inhibition. Under the treatment of two medicinal plant extracts, the CAT activity decreased as a whole.

The extract of C. longahas a promoting effect on the growth of C. oleifera. Combined with the influence of the intercropping of medicinal plants on the soil in the early stage, it is suggested to promote the intercropping mode of C. longa -C. oleifera.

To investigate the differential low-temperature tolerance and the the underlying physiological mechanisms between Q. mongolica and Q. acutissima seeds, and to provide theoretical insights for improving oak seed storage.

Freshly harvested Q. mongolica and Q. acutissima seeds within one week were used as experimental materials. The experiment was conducted under simulated natural environmental conditions. After seed maturation, the seeds were stored sequentially at 0, -2, -4, -5, -6, -8, -10, -12, and -14 ℃ for cryopreservation, with each temperature gradient maintained for 7 days. Regular sampling was conducted to monitor germination percentage, comparing the seeds' low-temperature tolerance differences between the two oak species. Additionally, changes in the contents of small-molecule sugars, soluble proteins and starch were analyzed. The seeds were stored at -3 ℃ for one year, after which changes in seed viability indicators before and after storage were measured to investigate the subzero non-freezing storage strategy.

The low-temperature tolerance of Q. mongolica and Q. acutissima seeds differed significantly. As the temperature decreased, seed viability initially remained stable but then declined rapidly. Q. mongolica seeds could tolerate temperatures as low as approximately -8℃, whereas Q. acutissima seeds had a minimum tolerance threshold of around -5℃. Beyond these thresholds, seed viability sharply decreased. The contents of small-molecular sugars such as fructose, glucose, and sucrose were induced to accumulate with decreasing temperatures. However, raffinose, stachyose, lactose, galactose, xylose, ribose, and rhamnose were nearly undetectable. Soluble protein in both Q. mongolica and Q. acutissima seeds peaked at -2℃, while starch gradually declined with lower temperatures. In contrast, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased as temperatures decreased. After one year of cryopreservation at -3℃, the seeds of both species maintained a high viability, with a relative germination rate still exceeding 93.6%.

The seeds of Q. mongolica exhibited stronger low-temperature tolerance than those of Q. acutissima. Soluble proteins, starch, and sucrose played crucial roles in regulating seeds' cold tolerance, while the absence of non-reducing sugars such as raffinose and stachyose may be one of the primary factors contributing to the recalcitrant nature of both oak species. Both Q. mongolica and Q. acutissima seeds maintained high viability when stored at -3℃, demonstrating the feasibility of subzero non-freezing storage for recalcitrant seeds. These findings provide important insights for developing effective storage protocols for Quercus species with recalcitrant seeds.