In order to solve the problems of grain loss, breakage and impurity in sorghum harvest, the influence of maturity and mechanical harvest rate on the effect of combined harvest was studied. Taking Jinza No.22 sorghum as the research object, the plot experiment scheme was adopted, and three mechanical harvesting rates were set at the milk ripening stage, wax ripening stage and complete ripening stage, respectively, and the mechanical harvesting rates were set at 0.5 m/s, 1.0 m/s and 1.5 m/s, and the indexes such as crushing rate, impurity content, total loss rate and moisture content were measured, so as to obtain the influence rules of mature stage and mechanical harvesting rate on the harvesting effect. The results showed that the maturity stage and mechanical harvest rate had significant effects on the harvest indexes of sorghum, such as impurity content, crushing rate and total loss rate, and the most influential factors on the three harvest indexes were maturity stage. The best results can be achieved when the wax is ripe and the mechanical harvest rate is 1.0 m/s, when the grain moisture content is from 14.756% to 15.746%, the impurity content is 0.14%, the crushing rate is 0.29%and the total loss rate is 5.48%. This study obtained the influence law of mature period and mechanical harvest rate on sorghum harvest effect, which can provide theoretical basis for reasonable selection of mature period and popularization of harvesting technology of sorghum mechanization.

China is a major producer and consumer of fruits, with output and area consistently ranking first in the world. However, China's orchards have long faced complex environments, with traditional manual operations facing high costs, labor shortages, and low efficiency. With the establishment of standardized and large-scale orchards, traditional models are no longer suitable for the development of modern orchards. The multi-functional operation technology platform integrates the functions of picking, ditching, fertilization, spray, transportation, etc., effectively improves the efficiency of orchard operations, saves costs, and becomes the key tool for the efficient development of modern forestry and fruit industry. This article introduces the structural composition and working principle of a multifunctional homework platform, mainly introducing the two key parts of the lifting structure and chassis system, and provide an overview of the development trends of standardized orchard operation platforms at home and abroad, from simple mobile platforms to scalable platforms, followed by a series of improvements such as navigation and automatic leveling systems. By comparing the characteristics and advantages of different types of orchard operation platforms, clarify the shortcomings of domestic multi-functional operation platforms, and summarize and analyze the main research focus of multifunctional operation platforms at home and abroad, focusing on automatic leveling technology In terms of general chassis technology, navigation obstacle avoidance technology, lifting technology, chassis passability technology, power system coordination and management technology, and system quality improvement technology, this paper explores the bottlenecks faced by the development of multifunctional work platforms in China, such as insufficient intelligence and informatization, and relatively lagging policy support. Finally, suggestions are proposed to address the development gap between China's homework platforms and foreign homework platforms, such as promoting standardization and standardization of orchard planting, and developing towards intelligence and informatization, in order to provide development ideas for high-quality mechanized operations in China's orchards.

Intelligent plant protection machinery in large fields is an important means to improve pesticide utilization, enhance the quality of agricultural products, and ensure the sustainable development of agriculture. In order to understand the research status of intelligent plant protection technology and clarify the future development direction, this article focused on three main directions of intelligent operation of high-clearance plant protection machinery: prescription application in large-scale farmland, target spraying on a small scale in land parcels, and variable-speed spraying. From the aspects of perception, analysis, decision-making, and control, the article elaborates on the technical principles of prescription map construction, spatial coordinate transformation methods, and prescription recognition that integrate high-precision satellite positioning, the current level of key technologies for target spraying technology routes and weed recognition, and believed that high-precision spraying based on online prescriptions must be the focus of future research. The article carried out a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of four speed measurement modes for variable-speed spraying and believed that with the widespread application of satellite positioning in agricultural machinery, satellite-based speed measurement will become the main method of high-precision speed measurement due to its greater versatility, convenience, and accuracy. To explore the current development status of variable spraying control, the article summarized two control methods and implementation methods for pressure-controlled variable spraying. From a comprehensive perspective, pipeline cut-off flow control is the main way to achieve variable spraying, and three control algorithms of segmented control, pulse width modulation, and PID control of flow control were analyzed from the perspective of technical principles, implementation processes, and optimized applications. After the discussion, it is believed that PID control based on machine learning will be an important direction to improve traffic control performance. With the continuous development of artificial intelligence technology, plant protection robots that integrate intelligent perception, analysis and decision-making and autonomous operation capabilities will become the mainstream development direction of plant protection machinery in the future.

In recent years, the improvement of living standards in rural areas of developing countries and the continuous upgrading of rural industrial economy have led to increasingly serious rural sewage discharge. The rural sewage from production and domestic wastewater, agricultural tailwater, and aquaculture wastewater seriously damages the ecological environment, affecting residents' well-being and economic development. This paper points out the limitations of traditional ecological methods and biological treatment methods, such as long treatment cycles, significant environmental impact, and secondary pollution. Furthermore, it further discusses the advantages of plasma technology in treating rural sewage, including its wide application range, high treatment efficiency, and absence of secondary pollution, filling the gap in the application of plasma technology in agricultural wastewater treatment. Although some reaction mechanisms of plasma are still unclear, and the requirements for equipment are relatively high, which still need to be continuously improved. However, in the future, by combining with other technologies, the efficiency and application range of plasma technology can be further improved, enabling it to play a greater role in optimizing and improving the comprehensive treatment process of rural sewage in developing countries.

Fertilizer directly affects crop yield by regulating plant growth and development, and it is an important factor in promoting modern intensive agriculture for high yield and quality of crops. However, urea and urea containing compound fertilizers are prone to produce byproducts such as biuret. Currently, the high content of biuret in fertilizers causes crop toxicity in farmland, which cannot be ignored. Therefore, it is of practical significance to establish an efficient method for detecting biuret in fertilizers, ensuring the safety of fertilizer production and promoting the green and high-quality development of agriculture in China. This research is based on the urgent demand for high-quality fertilizers in the development of modern agriculture in China, and a sensitive electrochemical sensing interface based on carbon-based structural materials is constructed to achieve online and rapid evaluation of biuret in fertilizers and effectively overcomes the shortcomings of liquid chromatography and UV spectrophotometry, such as cumbersome sample pretreatment, high analysis cost, and large sample turbidity interference. During the electrochemical assay, a graphene-nanogold composite is firstly prepared as a sensing interface modification material, which combines the surface characteristics of carbon-based structure with the excellent conductivity of nanogold; Secondly, based on the inhibitory effect of biuret on electrochemical signal of copper ions, a linear regression equation is established for the response current of copper ions with the variation of biuret concentration. With the help of a smartphone obtaining electrochemical signal, rapid electrochemical analysis of biuret is achieved. The experimental results demonstrate that there is a good linear relationship between the response current generated by copper ions and the concentration of biuret in the range of 1-80 mmol/L, with a detection limit of 0.50 mmol/L (S/N=3); The electrochemical sensing system is used for the analysis of biuret in fertilizer samples, and the relative errors between the detection results and those by high-performance liquid chromatography do not exceed 6.9%. Overall, this electrochemical method is applied to the online detection of biuret in fertilizers with high portability, reliability, and accuracy, aiming for technological innovation empowering crops with high yield and quality.

With the large-scale and intensive development of China's aquaculture industry, the discharge of livestock and poultry manure has increased significantly, causing serious pollution to the surrounding atmosphere, soil, water, etc., affecting the survival and health of human beings, and hindering the sustainable development of aquaculture industry. China has issued a series of policies to protect environment and encourage the use of organic fertilizers, encourage the use of livestock and poultry waste to produce organic fertilizers, and replace chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers. In response to the requirements of national environmental protection policies and solve the problem of livestock and poultry manure treatment, a horizontal fermentation drum for livestock and poultry manure was developed. The drum is helpful for livestock and poultry manure to complete the aerobic fermentation process and achieve the purpose of harmless treatment by mixing livestock and poultry manure with fermentation strains and other auxiliary materials, assistance in heating, aeration and stirring, monitoring the temperature of the material in real time, and the setting of electric heating, the start and stop of the drum and the running time. The structure, working principle and main technical parameters of the roller were described. The technological process of aerobic fermentation of cow manure was designed according to the principle and precautions of aerobic fermentation, and the fermentation performance test of manure horizontal fermentation roller was completed according to the process. The results showed that the organic matter content was 5.2% and the total nutrient (N+P₂O₅+K₂O) content was 5.1%, all of which exceeded the standard values of NY525—2012《Organic fertilizer》. The mortality rate of ascaris eggs and the number of coliform bacteria were both within the standard range of NY884—2012《Microbial organic fertilizers》. The horizontal fermentation roller has the advantages of simple structure, good manure treatment effects, short treatment period, simple operation and economical applicability, and it can meet the harmless treatment and resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure in small and medium-sized breeding enterprises.

Research on crop diseases has become a hot topic of the application of artificial intelligence technology in smart agriculture. Existing studies are restricted by the factors such as difficulties in collecting data, high cost of technology implementation, and complex crop disease trends. Plant electronic medical records (PEMRs) formed by Beijing Plant Clinic provides a new idea for the diagnosis and prevention of crop diseases and pests. PEMRs are stored in the form of multi-modal data, containing a wealth of plant information, disease information, and environmental information. Therefore, how to mine PEMRs information and utilize it to assist follow-up research is an urgent problem to be solved. In view of the information representation ability of knowledge map, the mining ability of machine learning and the feature extraction ability of deep learning, structured data is used to construct the knowledge graph of crop diseases and pests, unstructured data and domain knowledge are used for knowledge enhancement according to the characteristics of PEMRs. Further, Neo4j graph database and graph data science (GDS) combined with machine learning algorithm was employed to conduct association mining from three dimensions of popular point discovery, link discovery and similar disease discovery. At the same time, text feature extraction and disease diagnosis were realized by using unstructured text data based on the bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT) with convolutional neural network (CNN) model, and intelligent service was realized by simulating plant doctor. The comprehensive accuracy of 20 common diseases was up to 93.13%. This study can provide theoretical support for timely diagnosis, symptomatic control, scientific medication guide and assistant decision-making of crop diseases and pests, and innovate a new model and new business of social service of agricultural science and technology.

The opening of the Metaverse era has gradually changed the ways of production and distribution of human society. The highly virtualized immersive Internet world has become a new stage of the development of the next generation of the Internet. The “food, clothing, housing and transportation” in the Metaverse are also an essential elements of life and important fields for virtual citizens. However, as a new form of integration of a variety of cutting-edge information technologies, the Metaverse is currently less studied and applied in agricultural related fields. This paper analyzes the value of the social attribute and digital asset attribute of virtual food in the Metaverse, discusses the significance and application scenarios of food traceability in the Metaverse, and builds a Metaverse traceability system based on the perception layer, data layer, basic layer, tool layer, and application layer. This system targets operation and maintenance management client, merchant enterprise client and consumer user client, and designs the main functions such as authority management, blockchain management, smart contract management, platform operation and maintenance, food processing management, data collection management, product traceability, claim and planting, as well as the supporting front-end and back-end development technology routes. It describes the working principle of smart contract as the core technology in the process of Metaverse food traceability. A set of design ideas and deployment process of smart contract are proposed. This system is an innovative exploration of cross-border integration between agricultural industry and other new technology scenarios such as blockchain and Metaverse. It is forward-looking and applicable, and provides guidance and reference for future research on the application of Metaverse in agriculture.

The upward seeding of garlic cloves has the characteristics of emergence early and strong, which is the common planting agronomy of garlic in China. Based on the parallel robot, a control system of garlic clove’s orientation was designed to improve the upward seeding rate, and to promote the garlic planting mechanization in China. This system mainly included four modules: image acquisition, image preprocessing, garlic clove feature extraction and instruction drive. First, when the garlic cloves were transported to the established position, the visual system received the photo trigger signal emitted by the parallel robot and collected the image immediately. Second, the ideal binary image was obtained by median filtering, binarization, and morphological processing of the image to fill holes and filter out background particles, and the area of the connected domain of the binary image was screened according to the size range of garlic species to obtain the garlic binary image of the right size. Third, the center contour of the image and the curvature of the contour were extracted and calculated, and the part with the maximum curvature was regarded as the bud of the garlic clove and this part was used as the clove orientation, while this orientation would be quantified as the angle value and sent to the robot. Finally, according to the position information, velocity vector information and orientation information of the garlic cloves, the parallel robot controlled the grasper to grasp the garlic clove, and the garlic clove was adjusted to a unified direction and put into the established position, so as to adjust the orientation of the garlic clove. The key parameters of the adjusting system were tested and the multiple regression model of the adjusted success rate was established. The results indicated that: (1) the indicators of adjusted success rate were impacted by weight of garlic clove, conveying speed and grasping period significantly. (2) the order of priority of influencing factors is grasping time, weight of garlic cloves, and conveying speed. (3) the combination of the weight of garlic seed (4.54 g), the conveying speed (0.1 m/s), and the grasping time (2.445 s) led to a relatively high adjusted success rate (97.41%). This study provided a technological guidance for the application of the intelligent garlic clove’s orientation control system, which will be helpful for solving the problem of using an embedded industrial computer to adjust garlic clove’s orientation, and promoting the garlic planting mechanization in China.

A large part of the world’s greenhouse gases comes from livestock and poultry breeding and manure. A survey report by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) pointed out that animal husbandry is the industry that contributes the most to the greenhouse effect among all industries. Against the backdrop of the current goal of achieving “carbon peak and carbon neutrality”, in order to address the energy waste and environmental pollution caused by large-scale pig farms, building a multi energy complementary system for pig farms with clean energy as the main focus is of great significance in energy conservation, emission reduction, and improving energy efficiency. Inthelight of multi-energy complementation and energy cascade utilization, a multi-energy complementary system in pig farm has been constructed based on the pig farm’s own conditions that the pig farm has abundant biomass energy and solar energy, and it also has large daily electricity consumption and high heat load in winter. Based on the scale overview and load demand of the pig farm, appropriate supporting equipment was selected, the simulation calculation of photovoltaic power generation was conducted using PVsyst software. Taking into account the investment cost, equipment operation and maintenance cost, electric heating load demand, and seasonal demand of the system. Taking into account the system investment cost, equipment operation and maintenance cost, electric heating load demand, and seasonal demand, the final calculation showed that the pig farm can still earn 1.585 7 million yuan based on the industry benchmark return rate of 8%, and the dynamic investment recovery period is approximately 7.3 years. Compared with traditional pig farms purchasing electricity from the grid, it can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 204.29 tons per year, indicating that the system can bring good economic benefits to pig farms and has significant energy-saving, emission reduction, and green environmental protection advantages. It can provide new business ideas for other farms such as chicken farms and cattle farms.